vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/vjgb-24-66vavilov-4287Research ArticleМОЛЕКУЛЯРНАЯ И КЛЕТОЧНАЯ БИОЛОГИЯMOLECULAR AND CELL BIOLOGYСтруктура и эволюция метаполицентромерStructure and evolution of metapolycentromereshttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4960-0747ГришкоЕ. О.GrishkoE. O.

 Новосибирск

Novosibirsk

grishko@bionet.nsc.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6717-844XБородинП. М.BorodinP. M.

 Новосибирск

Novosibirsk

borodin@bionet.nsc.ruФедеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наукРоссияInstitute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation202408102024286592601Copyright © Гришко Е.О., Бородин П.М., 20242024Гришко Е.О., Бородин П.М.Grishko E.O., Borodin P.M.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4287

Метаполицентромеры состоят из нескольких последовательных доменов центромерного хроматина, связанных со специфичным для центромеры вариантом гистона H3 – CENP-A, которые вместе функционируют как одна центромера. Они были открыты недавно и обнаружены у девяти видов цветковых растений, пяти видов насекомых и шести видов позвоночных животных. В данном обзоре рассматриваются структура метаполицентромер и возможные механизмы их возникновения и эволюции. Метаполицентромеры могут различаться по количеству центромерных доменов, последовательностям ДНК и эпигенетическим модификациям. Однако эти различия, по-видимому, не влияют на их функцию. Появление метаполицентромер объясняют множественными робертсоновскими транслокациями и сегментными дупликациями. В условиях геномной нестабильности (при межвидовой гибридизации и в ходе канцерогенеза) метаполицентромеры могут возникать de novo. Гипотеза центромерного драйва представляется убедительным объяснением эволюции центромер в целом и образования метаполицентромер и голоцентромер в частности. По-видимому, метаполицентромеры встречаются чаще, чем принято считать. Систематический обзор доступных цитогенетических публикаций позволил нам дополнительно идентифицировать 27 видов-кандидатов с метаполицентромерами. Таким образом, список уже установленных и вновь найденных видов-кандидатов охватывает 27 видов цветковых и восемь видов голосеменных растений, пять видов насекомых и семь видов позвоночных животных. Виды, включенные в этот список, спорадически распределены по филогенетическому древу. Это может указывать на независимое эволюционное возникновение метаполицентромер. Однако существующий список видов с идентифицированными и предполагаемыми метаполицентромерами слишком короткий, чтобы сделать надежные выводы об их эволюции, особенно в отсутствие знаний о родственных видах без метаполицентромер для сравнительного анализа. Необходимы дополнительные исследования для того, чтобы пролить свет на механизмы образования и эволюции метаполицентромер. 

Metapolycentromeres consist of multiple sequential domains of centromeric chromatin associated with a centromere-specific variant of histone H3 (CENP-A), functioning collectively as a single centromere. To date, they have been revealed in nine flowering plant, five insect and six vertebrate species. In this paper, we focus on their structure and possible mechanisms of emergence and evolution. The metapolycentromeres may vary in the number of centromeric domains and in their genetic content and epigenetic modifications. However, these variations do not seem to affect their function. The emergence of metapolycentromeres has been attributed to multiple Robertsonian translocations and segmental duplications. Conditions of genomic instability, such as interspecific hybridization and malignant neoplasms, are suggested as triggers for the de novo emergence of metapolycentromeres. Addressing the “centromere paradox” – the rapid evolution of centromeric DNA and proteins despite their conserved cellular function – we explore the centromere drive hypothesis as a plausible explanation for the dynamic evolution of centromeres in general, and in particular the emergence of metapolycentromeres and holocentromeres. Apparently, metapolycentromeres are more common across different species than it was believed until recently. Indeed, a systematic review of the available cytogenetic publications allowed us to identify 27 candidate species with metapolycentromeres. Тhe list of the already established and newly revealed candidate species thus spans 27 species of flowering plants and eight species of gymnosperm plants, five species of insects, and seven species of vertebrates. This indicates an erratic phylogenetic distribution of the species with metapolycentromeres and may suggest an independent emergence of the metapolycentromeres in the course of evolution. However, the current catalog of species with identified and likely metapolycentromeres remains too short to draw reliable conclusions about their evolution, particularly in the absence of knowledge about related species without metapolycentromeres for comparative analysis. More studies are necessary to shed light on the mechanisms of metapolycentromere formation and evolution. 

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