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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/vjgb-24-93</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-4407</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭВОЛЮЦИОННАЯ БИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Поиск и функциональная аннотация многодоменных белков семейства ФА2 у плоских червей</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Search for and functional annotation of multi-domain PLA2 family proteins in flatworms</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3477-2047</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бочарникова</surname><given-names>М. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bocharnikova</surname><given-names>M. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bocharnikova@bionet.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0448-1468</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Турнаев</surname><given-names>И. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Turnaev</surname><given-names>I. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9738-1409</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Афонников</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Afonnikov</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук;&#13;
Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университет;&#13;
Курчатовский геномный центр ИЦиГ СО РАН<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences;&#13;
Novosibirsk State University;&#13;
Kurchatov Genomic Center of ICG SB RAS<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук;&#13;
Курчатовский геномный центр ИЦиГ СО РАН<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences;&#13;
Kurchatov Genomic Center of ICG SB RAS<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>854</fpage><lpage>863</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Бочарникова М.Е., Турнаев И.И., Афонников Д.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Бочарникова М.Е., Турнаев И.И., Афонников Д.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bocharnikova M.E., Turnaev I.I., Afonnikov D.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4407">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4407</self-uri><abstract><p>Фосфолипазы типа A2 (ФА2) – это семейство гидролаз, которые катализируют процесс гидролиза фосфолипидов, играя ключевую роль во многих молекулярных процессах при функционировании клеток и организма в целом. Данное семейство подразделяется на 16 групп, объединенных в шесть основных типов. Впервые ФА2 были выделены как цитотоксины яда у змей и ферменты панкреатического сока у свиней. Изучение этих ферментов в настоящее время вызывает большой интерес, поскольку было показано, что ряд ФА2 участвует в процессах канцерогенеза. Наиболее хорошо изучены ферменты ФА2 у модельных организмов и человека. Однако их наличие и функциональная роль у немодельных организмов изучены слабо. К таким малоизученным таксонам относятся плоские черви, ряд видов которых является паразитами человека. У па­разитических плоских червей ранее было охарактеризовано несколько генов ФА2 и показана их возможная роль во взаимодействии «паразит–хозяин». Но систематической идентификации генов ФА2 у этого таксона не проведено. В работе осуществлены поиск и сравнительный анализ последовательностей ФА2, кодируемых в геномах плоских червей. Исследовано 44 вида, представленных 2 свободноживущими и 42 паразитическими организмами. Анализ выполнен на основе поиска ортологических групп белок-кодирующих генов с учетом доменной структуры белков. У плоских червей обнаружено 12 из 13 известных типов фосфолипаз А2, име­ющихся в 11 ортологических группах. Часть фосфолипаз нескольких типов попала в одну ортологическую группу, часть типов распалась на несколько ортогрупп в соответствии с особенностями доменной структуры. Показано, что ФА2 кальций-независимого типа, ФА2 тромбоцитарно-активирующего типа групп G8 и лизосо­мальные ФА2 группы G15 представлены во всех крупных таксонах плоских червей и в большинстве изучен­ных нами видов. Для генов, кодирующих ферменты у свободноживущих червей, наблюдается множественное число копий. У паразитических плоских червей, наоборот, происходит потеря основной части генов специфи­чески по отношению как к отдельным таксонам, так и к отдельным группам/подсемействам ФА2. Обнаружена ортологическая группа секретируемых фосфолипаз, которая среди паразитов имеется только у дигенетиче­ских сосальщиков, при этом в геномах описторхид это семейство подверглось дупликациям. Интересно, что ранее в ряде экспериментальных работ показано влияние белков Clоnorchis sinensis этой ортогруппы на рако­вую трансформацию клеток организма-хозяина. Наши результаты дали возможность впервые систематически идентифицировать последовательности ФА2 у плоских червей и продемонстрировали, что их эволюция под­вержена процессам потерь генов, характерных в целом для геномов паразитов. Кроме того, наш анализ позво­лил выявить таксон-специфические процессы дупликаций и потерь генов ФА2 у паразитических организмов, которые могут быть связаны с процессами их взаимодействия с организмом хозяина.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a superfamily of hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of phospholipids and play a key role in many molecular processes in the cells and the organism as a whole. This family consists of 16 groups divided into six main types. PLA2 were first isolated from venom toxins and porcine pancreatic juice. The study of these enzymes is currently of great interest, since it has been shown that a number of PLA2 are involved in the processes of carcinogenesis. PLA2 enzymes were characterized in detail in model organisms and humans. However, their presence and functional role in non-model organisms is poorly understood. Such poorly studied taxa include flatworms, a number of species of which are human parasites. Several PLA2 genes have previously been characterized in parasitic flatworms and their possible role in parasite-host interaction has been shown. However, no systematic identification of the PLA2 genes in this taxon has been carried out. The paper provides a search for and a comparative analysis of PLA2 sequences encoded in the genomes of flatworms. 44 species represented by two free-living and 42 parasitic organisms were studied. The analysis was based on identification of orthologous groups of protein-coding genes, taking into account the domain structure of proteins. In flatworms, 12 of the 13 known types of animal A2 phospholipases were found, represented by 11 orthologous groups. Some phospholipases of several types fell into one orthologous group, some types split into several orthogroups in accordance with their domain structure. It has been shown that phospholipases A2 of the calcium-independent type, platelet-activating phospho­lipases from group G8 and lysosomal phospholipases from group G15 are represented in all large taxa of flatworms and the vast majority of the species studied by us. In free-living flatworms PLA2 genes have multiple copies. In parasitic flatworms, on the contrary, loss of genes occur specifically in individual taxa specifically for groups or sub­families of PLAs. An orthologous group of secreted phospholipases has been identified, which is represented only in Digenea and this family has undergone duplications in the genomes of opisthorchids. Interestingly, a number of experimental studies have previously shown the effect of Clonorchis sinensis proteins of this orthogroup on the cancer transformation of host cells. Our results made it possible for the first time to systematically identify PLA2 sequences in flatworms, and demonstrated that their evolution is subject to gene loss processes characteristic of parasite genomes in general. In addition, our analysis allowed us to identify taxon-specific processes of duplication and loss of PLA2 genes in parasitic organisms, which may be associated with the processes of their interaction with the host organism.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>фосфолипаза А2</kwd><kwd>плоские черви</kwd><kwd>многодоменные белки</kwd><kwd>паразитизм</kwd><kwd>филогения</kwd><kwd>структура доменов</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>phospholipase A2</kwd><kwd>flatworms</kwd><kwd>multi-domain proteins</kwd><kwd>parasitism</kwd><kwd>phylogeny</kwd><kwd>domain structure</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The work was supported by budget project No. FWNR-2022-0020. 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