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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/vjgb-24-101</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-4415</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СИСТЕМНАЯ КОМПЬЮТЕРНАЯ БИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SYSTEMS COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Онтологии в моделировании и анализе больших генетических данных</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Ontologies in modelling and analysing of big genetic data</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9132-7997</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Подколодный</surname><given-names>Н. Л.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Podkolodnyy</surname><given-names>N. L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pnl@bionet.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3247-0114</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Подколодная</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Podkolodnaya</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1859-4631</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванисенко</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanisenko</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Марченко</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Marchenko</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук;&#13;
Институт вычислительной математики и математической геофизики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук;&#13;
Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университет;&#13;
Курчатовский геномный центр ИЦиГ СО РАН<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences;&#13;
Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences;&#13;
Novosibirsk State University;&#13;
Kurchatov Genomic Center of ICG SB RAS<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук;&#13;
Курчатовский геномный центр ИЦиГ СО РАН<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences;&#13;
Kurchatov Genomic Center of ICG SB RAS<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт вычислительной математики и математической геофизики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук;&#13;
Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университет<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences;&#13;
Novosibirsk State University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>940</fpage><lpage>949</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Подколодный Н.Л., Подколодная О.А., Иванисенко В.А., Марченко М.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Подколодный Н.Л., Подколодная О.А., Иванисенко В.А., Марченко М.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Podkolodnyy N.L., Podkolodnaya O.A., Ivanisenko V.A., Marchenko M.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4415">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4415</self-uri><abstract><p>Для систематизации и эффективного использования огромного объема экспериментальных данных, накопленных в области биоинформатики и биомедицины, необходимы новые подходы, основанные на онтологиях, включая автоматизированные методы семантической интеграции гетерогенных экспериментальных данных, методы создания больших баз знаний и самоинтерпретируемые методы анализа больших разнородных данных на основе глубокого обучения. В статье кратко представлены особенности предметной области (биоинформатика, системная биология, биомедицина), формальные определения понятия онтологии и графов знаний, риведены примеры применения онтологий для семантической интеграции гетерогенных данных и создания больших баз знаний, а также интерпретации результатов глубокого обучения на больших данных. В качестве примера успешного проекта описана база знаний Gene Ontology, которая помимо терминологических знаний и аннотаций генов (GOA) включает модели причинных влияний (GO-CAM). Это делает ее полезной не только для геномной биологии, но и для системной биологии, а также для интерпретации крупномасштабных экспериментальных данных. Обсуждается подход к созданию больших онтологий с использованием шаблонов проектирования на примере онтологии биологических атрибутов (OBA). Здесь большая часть классификации автоматически вычисляется на основе ранее созданных эталонных онтологий с помощью автоматизированного логического вывода, за исключением небольшого числа высокоуровневых понятий. Одной из основных проблем глубокого обучения является отсутствие интерпретируемости, поскольку нейронные сети часто функционируют как «черные ящики», не способные объяснить свои решения. В нашей статье описаны подходы к созданию методов интерпретации моделей глубокого обучения и представлены два примера самообъясняемых моделей глубокого обучения на основе онтологий. Модель Deep GONet, которая интегрирует Gene Ontology в иерархическую архитектуру нейронной сети, где каждый нейрон представляет биологическую функцию. Эксперименты с наборами данных диагностики рака показывают, что Deep GONet легко интерпретируется и обладает высокой производительностью для различения раковых и нераковых образцов. Модель ONN4MST, использующая онтологии биома для отслеживания микробных источников образцов, ниши которых ранее были мало изучены или неизвестны, и обнаружения микробных загрязнителей. ONN4MST может отличать образцы от онтологически близких биомов и, таким образом, предлагает количественный способ охарактеризовать развитие микробного сообщества кишечника человека. Оба примера демонстрируют высокую производительность и интерпретируемость, что делает их ценными инструментами для анализа и интерпретации больших данных в биологии.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>To systematize and effectively use the huge volume of experimental data accumulated in the field of bioinformatics and biomedicine, new approaches based on ontologies are needed, including automated methods for semantic integration of heterogeneous experimental data, methods for creating large knowledge bases and self-interpreting methods for analyzing large heterogeneous data based on deep learning. The article briefly presents the features of the subject area (bioinformatics, systems biology, biomedicine), formal definitions of the concept of ontology and knowledge graphs, as well as examples of using ontologies for semantic integration of heterogeneous data and creating large knowledge bases, as well as interpreting the results of deep learning on big data. As an example of a successful project, the Gene Ontology knowledge base is described, which not only includes terminological knowledge and gene ontology annotations (GOA), but also causal influence models (GO-CAM). This makes it useful not only for genomic biology, but also for systems biology, as well as for interpreting large-scale experimental data. An approach to building large ontologies using design patterns is discussed, using the ontology of biological attributes (OBA) as an example. Here, most of the classification is automatically computed based on previously created reference ontologies using automated inference, except for a small number of high-level concepts. One of the main problems of deep learning is the lack of interpretability, since neural networks often function as “black boxes” unable to explain their decisions. This paper describes approaches to creating methods for interpreting deep learning models and presents two examples of self-explanatory ontology-based deep learning models: (1) Deep GONet, which integrates Gene Ontology into a hierarchical neural network architecture, where each neuron represents a biological function. Experiments on cancer diagnostic datasets show that Deep GONet is easily interpretable and has high performance in distinguishing cancerous and non-cancerous samples. (2) ONN4MST, which uses biome ontologies to trace microbial sources of samples whose niches were previously poorly studied or unknown, detecting microbial contaminants. ONN4MST can distinguish samples from ontologically similar biomes, thus offering a quantitative way to characterize the evolution of the human gut microbial community. Both examples demonstrate high performance and interpretability, making them valuable tools for analyzing and interpreting big data in biology.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>онтологии</kwd><kwd>биоинформатика</kwd><kwd>системная биология</kwd><kwd>анализ больших данных</kwd><kwd>глубокое обучение</kwd><kwd>интерпретируемость</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ontologies</kwd><kwd>big data analysis</kwd><kwd>bioinformatics</kwd><kwd>systems biology</kwd><kwd>deep learning</kwd><kwd>interpretability</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The work was supported by budget projects FWNR-2022-0020 and FWNM-2022-0005.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adadi A., Berrada M. Peeking inside the Black-Box: a survey on explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). 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