vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/VJ15.068vavilov-444Research ArticleСТРУКТУРНАЯ КОМПЬЮТЕРНАЯ БИОЛОГИЯ И ФАРМАКОЛОГИЯCytoplasmic heredityЭкспрессия хлоропластного генома: современные представления и экспериментальные пути изученияExpression of the chloroplast genome: modern concepts and experimental approachesСинявскаяМ. Г.SiniauskayaM. G.cytoplasmic@mail.ruДаниленкоН. Г.DanilenkoN. G.cytoplasmic@mail.ruЛуханинаН. В.LukhaninaN. V.cytoplasmic@mail.ruШимкевичА. М.ShymkevichA. M.cytoplasmic@mail.ruДавыденкоО. Г.DavydenkoO. G.cytoplasmic@mail.ruГосударственное научное учреждение «Институт генетики и цитологии НАН Беларуси», Минск, БеларусьБеларусьInstitute of Genetics and Cytology NAS Belarus, Minsk, BelarusBelarus201502122015195511528Copyright © Синявская М.Г., Даниленко Н.Г., Луханина Н.В., Шимкевич А.М., Давыденко О.Г., 20152015Синявская М.Г., Даниленко Н.Г., Луханина Н.В., Шимкевич А.М., Давыденко О.Г.Siniauskaya M.G., Danilenko N.G., Lukhanina N.V., Shymkevich A.M., Davydenko O.G.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/444

Уникальным свойством растений является наличие, кроме генома ядра, двух внеядерных геномов в хлоропластах и митохондриях. Геном хлоропластов относительно невелик – 100–120 генов, которые кодируют менее 5 % всех необходимых для функционирования пластид белков. Экспрессия генома пластид сохраняет черты прокариот: котранскрипцию генов в составе оперона, сходные c бактериями РНК-полимеразы и промоторы, присутствие 70S рибосом, однако появляются и новые свойства: транскрипция, не сопряженная c трансляцией, фагоподобные РНК-полимеразы, РНК эдитинг и сплайсинг транскриптов. Взаимодействие ядра (генома ядра) и цитоплазмы (генома пластид, митохондрий) в процессе развития растительного организма абсолютно необходимо для полноценного развития растения, адаптации (пластичности) к факторам окружающей среды. В обзоре обобщены современные представления об особенностях экспрессии генома пластид в клетке. Последовательно показано, что происходит при реализации генетической информации генома пластид в хлоропластах (транскрипции, эдитинге, сплайсинге, полиаденилировании, трансляции) и как отсутствие каких-либо компонентов отражается на функционировании растительной клетки и растения в целом. Описаны современные подходы к изучению пула транскриптов, выявлены критические точки ядерно-цитоплазматического взаимодействия при реали­зации функции хлоропластов в онтогенезе, воздействии факто­ров окружающей среды и др. Подробно представлена информация о важнейших факторах ядерно-цитоплазматического сигналинга у высших растений – сигма-факторах и PPR-белках, кодируемых ядром. Таким образом, показаны многоуровневость и целесообразность регуляции процессов экспрессии генома пластид в растительной клетке и взаимозависимость происходящих в разных компартментах клетки процессов. Составлена также сводка последних работ по изучению экспрессии генома пластид с помощью генетических чипов (микро- и макроэррей). Приводятся результаты собственных исследований.

A unique feature of plants is the presence of two extranuclear genomes, chloroplasts and mitochondria. The chloroplast genome is relatively small, 100–120 genes, which encode less than 5 % of all proteins required for plastids to function. The cpDNA expression retains prokaryotic features, cotranscription in the operon, bacteria-like RNA polymerases and promoters, 70S ribosomes etc., also new characters appear such as uncoupling of transcription with translation, phage-type RNA polymerases, RNA editing, and splicing of primary transcripts. The interaction of the nucleus (nuclear genomes) and cytoplasm (plastid and mitochondrial genes) during plant development is necessary for proper development and adaptation to the environment. The aim of this review is to disclose the peculiarities of plastid genome expression. The way the genetic information in chloroplasts is used (transcription, editing, splicing, polyadenylation and translation) is consequently described. Furthermore, the importance of all expression machinery components in plant life is discussed. Modern approaches for RNA pool study are described and critical points of nuclear-cytoplasmic interaction in the functions of chloroplasts are revealed. The information about the most important factors of nuclear-cytoplasmic signaling in higher plants (sigma factors and PPR proteins encoded by the nucleus) are reviewed. Thus, the multilevelness and viability of plastid genome expression regula­tion in plant cells and interdependence of the pro­cesses in different compartments is proved. A summary of the latest studies of the expression of the plastid genome using genetic chips (microarrays, macroarrays) is provided. Original results are presented.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.