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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-447</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГЕНЕТИКА И СЕЛЕКЦИЯ МИКРООРГАНИЗМОВ, СИМБИОГЕНЕТИКА, СИМБИОТИЧЕСКИЕ СИСТЕМЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PLANT MOLECULAR GENETICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Трансгенные растения как модели для изучения эпигенетической регуляции экспрессии генов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Transgenic plants as a model for studying еpigenetic regulation of gene expression</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маренкова</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Marenkova</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">marenkova@bionet.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дейнеко</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Deineko</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук», Новосибирск, Россия<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук», Новосибирск, Россия&#13;
Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Национальный исследовательский Томский государственный университет», Томск, Россия<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia&#13;
Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>12</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>19</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>545</fpage><lpage>551</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Маренкова Т.В., Дейнеко Е.В., 2015</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Маренкова Т.В., Дейнеко Е.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Marenkova T.V., Deineko E.V.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/447">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/447</self-uri><abstract><p>Феномен потери экспрессии перенесенных генов в трансгенных растениях был обнаружен в начале 1990-х годов. Изучение данного явления показало зависимость частоты инактивации трансгенов от числа интегрированных копий в растительный геном, особенностей организации встройки (наличие дупликаций, векторных последовательностей и др.), места встраивания. Потеря экспрессии гена может происходить на транскрипционном или посттранскрипционном уровне, в большинстве случаев с участием малых интерферирующих РНК (siРНК). У растений наиболее распространенным эпигенетическим механизмом инактивации генов на уровне транскрипции является РНК-направленное метилирование ДНК. Уникальные для растений РНК-полимераза IV и РНК-полимераза V играют в нем важную роль. РНК-полимераза IV отвечает за синтез некодирующих транскриптов с гена-мишени, которые переводятся в двухцепочечную форму РНК-зависимой РНК-полимеразой и с помощью фермента Dicer разрезаются на siРНК. Они метилируются и транспортируются в эффекторный комплекс, основным компонентом которого является белок семейства Agronaute. РНК-полимераза V также считывает некодирующий транскрипт с гена-мишени, но он служит платформой для привлечения siРНК и последующего присоединения белков и ферментов, ответственных за метилирование ДНК и гистонов. Посттранскрипционная инактивация генов происходит в цитоплазме и связана со специфической деградацией эффекторным комплексом (siРНК и AGO-белок) мРНК, которая имеет участок, комплементарный siРНК. У растений кроме канонического механизма РНК-направленного метилирования ДНК существуют и другие варианты эпигенетической регуляции экспрессии генов, которые включают белки, принимающие участие в инактивации генов на посттранскрипционном уровне, специфические белки и другие типы малых РНК. В данном обзоре кратко рассмотрены известные на данный момент компоненты эпигенетической регуляции и сделан акцент на новые факты.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The phenomenon of loss of expression of transferred genes in transgenic plants was discovered in the early 1990s. The study of this phenomenon revealed dependence of the frequency of gene silencing on the number of integrated copies in the plant genome, the properties of the transgene sequence itself (the presence of duplications, vector sequences, and others), chromosomal position. Loss of gene expression can occur transcriptionally or post-transcriptionally in most cases involving small interfering RNA (siRNA). In plants, the most common mechanism for inactivation of genes at the level of RNA transcription is RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM). An important role is played by the plant-specific RNA polymerase IV and V. Pol IV is assumed to transcribe non-coding transcripts at its target loci. They are copied into long dsRNAs and are processed by DICER into siRNAs. siRNAs are then methylated and loaded into the effector complex, whose main component is a protein of the Argonaute family. RNA polymerase V also transcribes the noncoding transcript of the target gene, but it serves as a scaf¬fold that interacts with siRNAs and that recruits proteins and enzymes responsible for DNA and histone methylation. Posttranscriptional gene inactivation occurs in the cytoplasm and is associated with a specific effector complex (AGO-siRNA), which cleavages homologous mRNA. In plants, in addition to the canonical pathway, RdDM, more mechanisms exist, which include components for posttranscriptional gene inactivation, specific proteins and other types of small RNAs. In this review, we briefly discuss the currently known components of epigenetic regulation.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>инактивация гена</kwd><kwd>малые интерферирующие РНК (siRNA)</kwd><kwd>РНК-направленное метилирование ДНК</kwd><kwd>посттранскрипционная инактивация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>inactivation of genes expression</kwd><kwd>siRNA</kwd><kwd>RNA-dependent DNA methylation</kwd><kwd>posttranscriptional gene silencing</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ванюшин Б.Ф. Метилирование ДНК у растений: эпигенетический контроль за генетическими функциями. Эпигенетика. Ред. С.М. Закиян, В.В. Власов, Е.В. Дементьева. Новосибирск: Изд-во СО РАН, 2012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ванюшин Б.Ф. Метилирование ДНК у растений: эпигенетический контроль за генетическими функциями. Эпигенетика. Ред. С.М. 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