vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/vjgb-25-13vavilov-4482Research ArticleГЕНЕТИКА ЖИВОТНЫХANIMAL GENETICSГенетическая характеристика лошадей местных пород по локусам микросателлитов ДНКGenetic characteristics of local horse breeds by microsatellite DNA locihttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7406-6385БлохинаН. В.BlohinaN. V.

Рязанская область; Рыбновский район; Дивово

Ryazan region; Rybnovsky district; Divovo

nbloh16@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2590-8472ХраброваЛ. А.KhrabrovaL. A.

Рязанская область; Рыбновский район; Дивово

Ryazan region; Rybnovsky district; Divovo

Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт коневодстваРоссияAll-Russian Research Institute of Horse BreedingRussian Federation202504032025291113121Copyright © Блохина Н.В., Храброва Л.А., 20252025Блохина Н.В., Храброва Л.А.Blohina N.V., Khrabrova L.A.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4482

   Россия обладает значительным породным разнообразием конских пород с уникальными генофондами, которые хорошо адаптированы к самым разнообразным суровым природно-климатическим условиям, характеризуются универсальной работоспособностью, высокими продуктивными качествами и представляют существенный интерес для мирового коневодства. Генетические исследования популяционного разнообразия в коневодстве являются весьма актуальными, так как многие отечественные породы лошадей находятся под угрозой исчезновения. Для исследований были отобраны биоматериалы (волосы, кровь, сперма) от лошадей 15 местных пород, разводимых в России и сопредельных странах. Выборка включала 2193 лошади алтайской (n = 48), башкирской (n = 130), бурятской (n = 30), вятской (n = 220), забайкальской (n = 34), кыргызской (n = 100), мезенской (n = 148), мугалжарской (n = 109), новоалтайской (n = 514), печорской (n = 31), шетлендских пони (n = 47), приобской (n = 85), тувинской (n = 600), хакасской (n = 47) и якутской (n = 50) пород. При проведении генетико-популяционного анализа использовали следующие показатели: общее количество вариантов аллелей (Na) в 17 микросателлитных локусах, уровень полиморфности (Ae), среднее число аллелей на локус (Nv), наблюдаемая (Ho) и ожидаемая (He) гетерозиготность, коэффициенты генетического сходства и генетических дистанций, коэффициент внутрипопуляционного инбридинга (Fis). Современные местные породы лошадей даже при сравнительно небольшой численности имеют высокий уровень биоразнообразия и своеобразную генетическую структуру, часто с наличием приватных аллелей, которая сохраняется несмотря на периодическое скрещивание с заводскими породами разной специализации. Установлено, что лошади местных пород обладают рядом уникальных аллелей, включая ASB2T, HMS7S, HMS6J, HMS6H, HMS2T, HMS1O, HTG7L, HTG6L, HTG6H, VHL20S, ASB17Z, ASB17X, ASB17U, LEX3S, LEX3R и CA425E, которые не выявлены у представителей заводских пород в изученных европейских популяциях. Для большинства изученных пород было характерно отрицательное значение Fis и отсутствие внутрипородного инбридинга. Коэффициенты генетического сходства местных пород менялись в сравнительно широком диапазоне (0.828–0.973) и свидетельствовали об уникальности генофондов большинства местных конских пород в России, а также подтверждали общность происхождения кыргызской лошади с популяциями лошадей Южной Сибири.

   Russia has a significant pedigree diversity of horse breeds with unique gene pools that are well adapted to a wide variety of harsh natural and climatic conditions, are characterized by universal performance and high productive qualities, and are of significant interest to the world horse breeding. Genetic studies of population diversity in horse breeding are very relevant, since many domestic horse breeds are under threat of extinction. Biomaterials (hair, blood, semen) from horses of 15 local breeds bred in the Russian Federation and neighboring countries (CIS) were selected for the research. The sample included 2,193 horses, including: Altaiskaya (n = 48), Bashkirskaya (n = 130), Buryat skaya (n = 30), Vyatskaya (n = 220), Zabaikalskaya (n = 34), Kyrgyzskaya (n = 100), Mezenskaya (n = 148), Mugalzhar skaya (n = 109), Novoaltaiskaya (n = 514), Pechorskaya (n = 31), Shetland pony (n = 47), Priobskaya (n = 85), Tuvinskaya (n = 600), Khakasskaya (n = 47) and Yakutskaya (n = 50) breeds. The following indicators were used in the genetic and population analysis: the total number of allele variants (Na) in 17 microsatellite loci, the level of polymorphism (Ae), the average number of alleles per locus (Nv), observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosity, coefficients of genetic similarity and genetic distances, as well as the coefficient of intrapopulation inbreeding (Fis). Modern local horse breeds, even relatively small in number, have a high level of biodiversity and a peculiar genetic structure, often with the presence of private alleles, which persists despite periodic crossing with stud breeds of different specializations. It was found that horses of local breeds possess a number of unique alleles, including ASB2T, HMS7S, HMS6J, HMS6H, HMS2T, HMS1O, HTG7L, HTG6L, HTG6H, VHL20S, ASB17Z, ASB17X, ASB17U, LEX3S, LEX3R and CA425E, which were not detected in representatives of stud breeds in the studied European populations. The majority of the studied breeds were characterized by a negative Fis value and the absence of inbreeding. The coefficients of genetic similarity of local breeds varied in a relatively wide range (0.828–0.973) and testified to the uniqueness of the gene pools of most local horse breeds of the Russian Federation, as well as confirmed the common origin of the Kyrgyzskaya horse with the horse populations of Southern Siberia.

Equus caballusгенетическое разнообразиемикросателлиты ДНКместные породылошадьEquus caballusgenetic diversityDNA microsatelliteslocal breedshorseРабота выполнена при финансовой поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации, грант № 075-15-2021-1037 (внутренний № 15.БРК.21.0001).The work was financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, grant No. 075-15-2021-1037 (internal No. 15.BRK.21.0001)ReferencesAskarov A., Kuznetsova A., Gusmanov R., Askarova A., Kovshov V. Cost­effective horse breeding in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. Vet World. 2020;13(10):2039­2045. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2039­2045Askarov A., Kuznetsova A., Gusmanov R., Askarova A., Kovshov V. Cost­effective horse breeding in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. Vet World. 2020;13(10):2039­2045. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.2039­2045Baena M.M., Diaz S., Moura R.S., Meirelles S.L.C. Genetic characterization of Mangalarga Marchador breed horses based on micro­satellite molecular markers. J Equine Vet Sci. 2020;95:103231. doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103231Baena M.M., Diaz S., Moura R.S., Meirelles S.L.C. Genetic characterization of Mangalarga Marchador breed horses based on micro­satellite molecular markers. J Equine Vet Sci. 2020;95:103231. doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103231Belousova N.F. Local (aboriginal) Horse Breeds in Russia. Divovo: Publishing House of the All­Russia Research Institute of Horse Breeding, 2018 (in Russian)Belousova N.F. Local (aboriginal) Horse Breeds in Russia. Divovo: Publishing House of the All­Russia Research Institute of Horse Breeding, 2018 (in Russian)Blohina N.V., Khrabrova L.A., Zaitsev A.M., Gavrilicheva I.S. Assessment of the genetic diversity of microsatellite loci in horses of heavydraft breeds. Genetika i Razvedenie Zhivotnykh = Animal Genetics and Breeding. 2018;2:39­44. doi: 10.31043/2410­2733­20182­39­44 (in Russian)Blohina N.V., Khrabrova L.A., Zaitsev A.M., Gavrilicheva I.S. Assessment of the genetic diversity of microsatellite loci in horses of heavydraft breeds. Genetika i Razvedenie Zhivotnykh = Animal Genetics and Breeding. 2018;2:39­44. doi: 10.31043/2410­2733­20182­39­44 (in Russian)Chang C.C., Chow C.C., Tellier L.C.A.M., Vattikuti S., Purcell S.M., Lee J.J. Second­generation PLINK: rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets. GigaScience. 2015;4:7. doi: 10.1186/s13742015­0047­8Chang C.C., Chow C.C., Tellier L.C.A.M., Vattikuti S., Purcell S.M., Lee J.J. Second­generation PLINK: rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets. GigaScience. 2015;4:7. doi: 10.1186/s13742015­0047­8Ernst L.K., Zinovieva N.A. Biological Issues of Animal Husbandry in the XXI Century. Moscow, 2008 (in Russian)Ernst L.K., Zinovieva N.A. Biological Issues of Animal Husbandry in the XXI Century. Moscow, 2008 (in Russian)Francis R.M. POPHELPER: an R package and web app to analyse and visualize population structure. Mol Ecol Resour. 2017;17(1):27­32. doi: 10.1111/1755­0998Francis R.M. POPHELPER: an R package and web app to analyse and visualize population structure. Mol Ecol Resour. 2017;17(1):27­32. doi: 10.1111/1755­0998Gavrilicheva I.S. Genetic and population characteristics of Russian trotting horse breed by DNA microsatellite loci. AgroZooTekhnika = Agricultural and Livestock Technology. 2019;2(3):2. doi: 10.15838/alt.2019.2.3.2 (in Russian)Gavrilicheva I.S. Genetic and population characteristics of Russian trotting horse breed by DNA microsatellite loci. AgroZooTekhnika = Agricultural and Livestock Technology. 2019;2(3):2. doi: 10.15838/alt.2019.2.3.2 (in Russian)Glazko V.I., Kosovsky G.Yu., Glazko T.T., Fedorova L.M. DNA markers and “microsatellite code” (review). Sel’skokhozyaystvennaya Biologiya = Agric Biol. 2023;58(2):223­248. doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2023.2.223engGlazko V.I., Kosovsky G.Yu., Glazko T.T., Fedorova L.M. DNA markers and “microsatellite code” (review). Sel’skokhozyaystvennaya Biologiya = Agric Biol. 2023;58(2):223­248. doi: 10.15389/agrobiology.2023.2.223engKalashnikov V.V., Khrabrova L.A., Zaitsev A.M., Zaitseva M.A., Kalinkova L.V. Polymorphism of microsatellite DNA in horses of stud and local breeds. Sel’skokhozyaystvennaya Biologiya = Agric Biol. 2011;46(2):41­45 (in Russian)Kalashnikov V.V., Khrabrova L.A., Zaitsev A.M., Zaitseva M.A., Kalinkova L.V. Polymorphism of microsatellite DNA in horses of stud and local breeds. Sel’skokhozyaystvennaya Biologiya = Agric Biol. 2011;46(2):41­45 (in Russian)Kalashnikova L.A., Novikov A.A., Semak M.S. Development of the genetic testing of breeding products in animal husbandry. Zoo tekh­niya = Zootechniya. 2022;11:25­28. doi: 10.25708/ZT.2022.19.42.008 (in Russian)Kalashnikova L.A., Novikov A.A., Semak M.S. Development of the genetic testing of breeding products in animal husbandry. Zoo tekh­niya = Zootechniya. 2022;11:25­28. doi: 10.25708/ZT.2022.19.42.008 (in Russian)Khaudov A.D., Duduev A.S., Kokov Z.A. Diversity of Kabardian horses and their genetic relationships with selected breeds in the Russian Federation based on 17 microsatellite loci. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci. 2019;341:012072. doi: 10.1088/1755­1315/341/1/012072Khaudov A.D., Duduev A.S., Kokov Z.A. Diversity of Kabardian horses and their genetic relationships with selected breeds in the Russian Federation based on 17 microsatellite loci. IOP Conf Ser: Earth Environ Sci. 2019;341:012072. doi: 10.1088/1755­1315/341/1/012072Khrabrova L.A., Blohina N.V., Belousova N.F., Kotran E.G. Estimation of the genealogical structure of Vyatka horse breed (Equus ferus caballus) using DNA analysis. Russ J Genet. 2022;58(4):462­466. doi: 10.1134/S1022795422040068Khrabrova L.A., Blohina N.V., Belousova N.F., Kotran E.G. Estimation of the genealogical structure of Vyatka horse breed (Equus ferus caballus) using DNA analysis. Russ J Genet. 2022;58(4):462­466. doi: 10.1134/S1022795422040068Librado P., Khan N., Fages A. The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes. Nature. 2021;598:634­-640. doi: 10.1038/s41586­021­04018­9Librado P., Khan N., Fages A. The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes. Nature. 2021;598:634­-640. doi: 10.1038/s41586­021­04018­9Ling Y.H., Ma Y.H., Guan W.J., Cheng Y.J., Wang Y.P., Han J.L., Mang L., Zhao Q.J., He X.H., Pu Y.B., Fu B.L. Evaluation of the genetic diversity and population structure of Chinese indigenous horse breeds using 27 microsatellite markers. Anim Genet. 2011;42(1): 56­65. doi: 10.1111/j.1365­2052.2010.02067.xLing Y.H., Ma Y.H., Guan W.J., Cheng Y.J., Wang Y.P., Han J.L., Mang L., Zhao Q.J., He X.H., Pu Y.B., Fu B.L. Evaluation of the genetic diversity and population structure of Chinese indigenous horse breeds using 27 microsatellite markers. Anim Genet. 2011;42(1): 56­65. doi: 10.1111/j.1365­2052.2010.02067.xLippold S., Matzke N.J., Reissmann M., Hofreiter M. Whole mitochon drial genome sequencing of domestic horses reveals incorporation of extensive wild horse diversity during domestication. BMC Evol Biol. 2011;11:328. doi: 10.1186/1471­2148­11­328Lippold S., Matzke N.J., Reissmann M., Hofreiter M. Whole mitochon drial genome sequencing of domestic horses reveals incorporation of extensive wild horse diversity during domestication. BMC Evol Biol. 2011;11:328. doi: 10.1186/1471­2148­11­328Marzanov N.S., Nasibov M.G., Marzanova L.K., Ozerov M.Yu., Kan­tanen Yu., Lobkov V.Yu. Genetic Markers in the Theory and Practice of Sheep Breeding. Moscow: Pioner Publ., 2010 (in Russian)Marzanov N.S., Nasibov M.G., Marzanova L.K., Ozerov M.Yu., Kan­tanen Yu., Lobkov V.Yu. Genetic Markers in the Theory and Practice of Sheep Breeding. Moscow: Pioner Publ., 2010 (in Russian)Nwachukwu E.N., Kalla D.J.U., Ukwu H.O., Ogbu C.C., Ezea J., Udoh U.H., Ekumankama O.O. Genetic diversity and population structure of four Nigerian indigenous cattle breeds. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2022;54(2):132. doi: 10.1007/s11250­022­03132­8Nwachukwu E.N., Kalla D.J.U., Ukwu H.O., Ogbu C.C., Ezea J., Udoh U.H., Ekumankama O.O. Genetic diversity and population structure of four Nigerian indigenous cattle breeds. Trop Anim Health Prod. 2022;54(2):132. doi: 10.1007/s11250­022­03132­8Pozharskiy A., Abdrakhmanova A., Beishova I., Shamshidin A., Nametov A., Ulyanova T., Bekova G., Kikebayev N., Kovalchuk A., Ulyanov V., Turabayev A., Khusnitdinova M., Zhambakin K., Sapakhova Z., Shamekova M., Gritsenko D. Genetic structure and genome­ wide association study of the traditional Kazakh horses. Animal. 2023;17(9):100926. doi: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100926Pozharskiy A., Abdrakhmanova A., Beishova I., Shamshidin A., Nametov A., Ulyanova T., Bekova G., Kikebayev N., Kovalchuk A., Ulyanov V., Turabayev A., Khusnitdinova M., Zhambakin K., Sapakhova Z., Shamekova M., Gritsenko D. Genetic structure and genome­ wide association study of the traditional Kazakh horses. Animal. 2023;17(9):100926. doi: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100926R2D2 Consortium; Fugeray­Scarbel A., Bastien C., Dupont­Nivet M., Lemarié S. Why and how to switch to genomic selection: lessons from plant and animal breeding experience. Front Genet. 2021;12: 629737. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2021.629737R2D2 Consortium; Fugeray­Scarbel A., Bastien C., Dupont­Nivet M., Lemarié S. Why and how to switch to genomic selection: lessons from plant and animal breeding experience. Front Genet. 2021;12: 629737. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2021.629737Roh H.J., Kim S.C., Cho C.Y., Lee J., Jeon D., Kim D.K., Kim K.W., Afrin F., Ko Y.G., Lee J.H., Batsaikhan S., Susanti T., Hegay S., Kongvongxay S., Gorkhali N.A., Thi L.A.N., Thao T.T.T., Manikku L. Estimating genetic diversity and population structure of 22 chicken breeds in Asia using microsatellite markers. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2020;33(12):1896­1904. doi: 10.5713/ajas.19.0958Roh H.J., Kim S.C., Cho C.Y., Lee J., Jeon D., Kim D.K., Kim K.W., Afrin F., Ko Y.G., Lee J.H., Batsaikhan S., Susanti T., Hegay S., Kongvongxay S., Gorkhali N.A., Thi L.A.N., Thao T.T.T., Manikku L. Estimating genetic diversity and population structure of 22 chicken breeds in Asia using microsatellite markers. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2020;33(12):1896­1904. doi: 10.5713/ajas.19.0958Seo J.H., Park K.D., Lee H.K., Kong H.S. Genetic diversity of Halla horses using microsatellite markers. J Anim Sci Technol. 2016; 58:40. doi: 10.1186/s40781­016­0120­6Seo J.H., Park K.D., Lee H.K., Kong H.S. Genetic diversity of Halla horses using microsatellite markers. J Anim Sci Technol. 2016; 58:40. doi: 10.1186/s40781­016­0120­6Stanislawczyk R., Rudy M., Gil M. Quality characteristics of horse meat as influence by the age of horse. Int J Food Prop. 2020;23(1): 864­877. doi: 10.1080/10942912.2020.1764579Stanislawczyk R., Rudy M., Gil M. Quality characteristics of horse meat as influence by the age of horse. Int J Food Prop. 2020;23(1): 864­877. doi: 10.1080/10942912.2020.1764579Van de Goor L.H., Panneman H., Van Haeringen W.A. A proposal for standardization in forensic equine DNA typing: allele nomenclature for 17 equine­specific STR loci. Anim Genet. 2010;41(2):122­127. doi: 10.1111/j.1365­2052.2009.01975.xVan de Goor L.H., Panneman H., Van Haeringen W.A. A proposal for standardization in forensic equine DNA typing: allele nomenclature for 17 equine­specific STR loci. Anim Genet. 2010;41(2):122­127. doi: 10.1111/j.1365­2052.2009.01975.xVdovina N.V., Yuryeva I.B. Monitoring for the genetic structure of Mezen breed of horses in terms of DNA microsatellites. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii = Vavilov J Genet Breed. 2021;25(2): 202­207. doi: 10.18699/VJ21.024Vdovina N.V., Yuryeva I.B. Monitoring for the genetic structure of Mezen breed of horses in terms of DNA microsatellites. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genetiki i Selektsii = Vavilov J Genet Breed. 2021;25(2): 202­207. doi: 10.18699/VJ21.024Yun J., Oyungerel B., Kong H.S. Genetic diversity and population structure of Mongolian regional horses with 14 microsatellite markers. Anim Biosci. 2022;35(8):1121­1128. doi: 10.5713/ab.21.0497Yun J., Oyungerel B., Kong H.S. Genetic diversity and population structure of Mongolian regional horses with 14 microsatellite markers. Anim Biosci. 2022;35(8):1121­1128. doi: 10.5713/ab.21.0497

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.