vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/VJ15.073vavilov-449Research ArticleМЕТОДЫ ГЛУБОКОГО МАШИННОГО ОБУЧЕНИЯ ДЛЯ БИОИНФОРМАТИКИ И СИСТЕМНОЙ БИОЛОГИИPLANT PHYSIOLOGICAL AND AND BIOCHEMICAL GENETICSМолекулярно-генетические механизмы формирования окраски плодов и семян растенийMolecular-genetic mechanisms underlying fruit and seed coloration in plantsАджиеваВ. Ф.AdzhievaV. F.БабакО. Г.BabakO. G.babak_olga@mail.ruШоеваО. Ю.ShoevaO. Y.КильчевскийА. В.KilchevskyA. V.ХлесткинаЕ. К.KhlestkinaE. K.Государственное научное учреждение «Институт генетики и цитологии НАН Беларуси», Минск, БеларусьБеларусьInstitute of Genetics and Cytology NASB, Minsk, BelarusBelarusФедеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук», Новосибирск, РоссияРоссияInstitute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, RussiaRussian FederationГосударственное научное учреждение «Институт генетики и цитологии Национальной академии наук Беларуси», Минск, БеларусьБеларусьInstitute of Genetics and Cytology NASB, Minsk, BelarusBelarusФедеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук», Новосибирск, Россия Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университет», Новосибирск, РоссияРоссияInstitute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, RussiaRussian Federation201502122015195561573Copyright © Аджиева В.Ф., Бабак О.Г., Шоева О.Ю., Кильчевский А.В., Хлесткина Е.К., 20152015Аджиева В.Ф., Бабак О.Г., Шоева О.Ю., Кильчевский А.В., Хлесткина Е.К.Adzhieva V.F., Babak O.G., Shoeva O.Y., Kilchevsky A.V., Khlestkina E.K.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/449

Разнообразная окраска плодов и семян растений определяется наличием двух важных типов пигментов – каротиноидов (красная, оранжевая, желтая) и антоцианов (фиолетовая, синяя, красная). Они принадлежат к двум группам вторичных метаболитов – изопреноидам и флавоноидам. В последнее время наблюдается повышенный интерес к изучению генетических механизмов, контролирующих признаки окраски у растений, в связи с антиоксидантными и антимикробными свойствами определенных пигментов и их бесцветных предшественников, употребляемых c растительной пищей. Гены, кодирующие ферменты, необходимые для последовательных превращений исходных органических молекул в конечные пигментные соединения, относят к группе структурных генов. Факторы, активирующие экспрессию структурных генов и контролирующие синтез определенных пигментов в конкретный момент времени в какой-либо части растения, относят к регуляторным генам биосинтеза. Накопленные к настоящему моменту данные в области генетики растений свидетельствуют о том, что наблюдаемое на фенотипическом уровне межвидовое и внутривидовое разнообразие по признакам окраски связано именно с регуляторными генами. Создание в предшествующие годы богатых коллекций и точных генетических моделей по признакам окраски у двудольных и однодольных растений, а также развитие молекулярно-генетических методов исследования растений позволили детально изучить механизмы генетической регуляции синтеза пигментных соединений на молекулярном уровне. В данной статье особенности регуляции биосинтеза каротиноидов проиллюстрированы на примере их образования в плодах семейства Solanaceae. Генетическая регуляция синтеза различных флавоноидных пигментов показана на примере изучения окраски семян у растений семейства Poaceae. В заключительной части работы обсуждается перспектива практического использования регуляторных генов, контролирующих окраску плодов и семян, приводятся конкретные примеры их применения в селекции овощных и злаковых культур.

Diverse patterns of plant fruit and seed coloration are determined by the presence of two main types of pigment, carotenoids (red, orange and yellow color) and anthocyanins (purple, blue, red). Thеy belong to two groups of secondary metabolites, isoprenoids and flavonoids. Interest towards the genetic mechanisms that control coloration in plants has recently increased due to the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of some pigments and their colorless precursors consumed with plant-derived food. The genes encoding enzymes involved in step-bystep conversion of initial organic molecules to final pigmented compounds are referred to as structural genes, while regulatory genes are responsible for activation of the expression of structural genes and control the synthesis of pigments at certain times and in proper tissue. The data in plant genetics accumulated to date show that the inter- and intraspecies phenotypic diversity in coloration is mainly related with regulatory genes. Previously developed rich gene collections and precise genetic models for coloration traits in dicots and monocots as well as the rapid development of molecular genetic methods for studying plants allowed for studying genetic regulation of pigment synthesis at a molecular level. The peculiarities of the regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis are exemplified with Solanaceae fruits. The genetic mechanisms underlying the synthesis of various flavonoid pigments are exemplified with a study of seed color in Poaceae plants. In summary, prospects for the practical use of regulatory genes that control pigment synthesis are discussed and examples of their practical use in vegetable and cereal crop breeding are given.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.