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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/vjgb-25-21</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-4536</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КЛЕТОЧНАЯ БИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CELL BIOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Трехмерные модели культур клеток: способы получения и характеристика основных моделей</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>3D cell culture models: how to obtain and characterize the main models</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абдурахманова</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Abdurakhmanova</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Леонтьева</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Leonteva</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Краснодарский край; Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Krasnodar Region; Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Васильева</surname><given-names>Н. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasilieva</surname><given-names>N. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Краснодарский край; Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Krasnodar Region; Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кулигина</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuligina</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нуштаева</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nushtaeva</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Краснодарский край; Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Krasnodar Region; Novosibirsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nushtaeva.anna@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт химической биологии и фундаментальной медицины Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Научно-технологический университет «Сириус», федеральная территория «Сириус»; Институт химической биологии и фундаментальной медицины Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory; Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>175</fpage><lpage>188</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Абдурахманова М.М., Леонтьева А.А., Васильева Н.С., Кулигина Е.В., Нуштаева А.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Абдурахманова М.М., Леонтьева А.А., Васильева Н.С., Кулигина Е.В., Нуштаева А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Abdurakhmanova М.М., Leonteva A.A., Vasilieva N.S., Kuligina E.V., Nushtaeva A.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4536">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4536</self-uri><abstract><p>В течение многих лет золотым стандартом в исследованиях злокачественных новообразований являлись культуры опухолевых клеток in vitro, ксенотрансплантаты in vivo или генетически модифицированные модели животных. К настоящему времени арсенал инструментов современных медико-биологических исследований пополнился трехмерными клеточными моделями (3D-культуры). 3D-культуры воспроизводят тканеспецифичные характеристики топологии ткани, что делает их релевантными тканевыми моделями с точки зрения клеточной дифференцировки, метаболизма и развития лекарственной устойчивости. Благодаря своему потенциалу такие модели уже применяются многими исследовательскими группами как для фундаментальных, так и для трансляционных исследований, и их использование позволяет значительно сократить количество экспериментов на животных, например, в области онкологии. В литературе 3D-культуры классифицируют по технике формирования (с каркасом/без каркаса), условиям культивирования (статические/динамические), а также по клеточной организации и функциям. По клеточной организации 3D-культуры разделяют на «сфероидные модели», «органоиды», «органы-на-чипе» и «микроткани». При этом каждая из моделей имеет свои характерные особенности, которые необходимо учитывать при использовании модели в эксперименте. Наиболее простые 3D-культуры – это «сфероидные модели», представляющие собой плавающие сферические агрегаты клеток. Более сложной 3D-моделью является «органоид» – самоорганизующаяся трехмерная структура, сформированная из стволовых клеток, способных к самообновлению и дифференцировке в составе модели. Микрофлюидные системы «орган-на-чипе» – это чипы, имитирующие in vitro основные физические и биологические процессы в органах и тканях в динамике. «Сфероиды» и «органоиды» за счет объединения различных типов клеток в единую структуру могут быть основой для формирования «микроткани» – гибридной 3D-модели, воспроизводящей специфический тканевый фенотип и содержащей тканеспецифичные компоненты внеклеточного матрикса. В данном обзоре представлена краткая история развития метода культивирования клеток in vitro в 3D-формате, описаны основные характеристики и перспективы применения «сфероидных моделей», «органоидов», «органовна-чипе» и «микротканей» для исследований в области иммуноонкологии солидных опухолей.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>For many years, the gold standard in the study of malignant tumors has been the in vitro culture of tumor cells, in vivo xenografts or genetically modified animal models. Meanwhile, three-dimensional cell models (3D cultures) have been added to the arsenal of modern biomedical research. 3D cultures reproduce tissue-specific features of tissue topology. This makes them relevant tissue models in terms of cell differentiation, metabolism and the development of drug resistance. Such models are already being used by many research groups for both basic and translational research, and may substantially reduce the number of animal studies, for example in the field of oncological research. In the current literature, 3D cultures are classified according to the technique of their formation (with or without a scaffold), cultivation conditions (static or dynamic), as well as their cellular organization and function. In terms of cellular organization, 3D cultures are divided into “spheroid models”, “organoids”, “organs-ona-chip” and “microtissues”. Each of these models has its own unique features, which should be taken into account when using a particular model in an experiment. The simplest 3D cultures are spheroid models which are floating spherical cell aggregates. An organoid is a more complex 3D model, in which a self-organizing 3D structure is formed from stem cells (SCs) capable of self-renewal and differentiation within the model. Organ-on-a-chip models are chips of microfluidic systems that simulate dynamic physical and biological processes found in organs and tissues in vitro. By combining different cell types into a single structure, spheroids and organoids can act as a basis for the formation of a microtissue – a hybrid 3D model imitating a specific tissue phenotype and containing tissuespecific extracellular matrix (ECM) components. This review presents a brief history of 3D cell culture. It describes the main characteristics and perspectives of the use of “spheroid models”, “organoids”, “organ-on-a-chip” models and “microtissues” in immune oncology research of solid tumors.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>агрегация клеток</kwd><kwd>3D-культуры клеток</kwd><kwd>сфероиды</kwd><kwd>органоиды</kwd><kwd>орган-на-чипе</kwd><kwd>микроткань</kwd><kwd>культивирование клеточных 3D-моделей</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cell aggregation</kwd><kwd>3D cell cultures</kwd><kwd>spheroids</kwd><kwd>organoids</kwd><kwd>organ-on-a-chip</kwd><kwd>microtissue</kwd><kwd>3D cell model culturing</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The sections Introduction, Features of 3D tumor cell cultures: “spheroid model”, “organoid”, “organon-a-chip” and “microtissue” and Conclusion (authors: A.A. Leonteva, N.S. Vasilieva, A.A. Nushtaeva) were written using funds from the project implemented within the framework of the state program of the federal territory “Sirius” “Scientific and technological development of the federal territory ‘Sirius’” (Agreement No. 27-03 dated September 27, 2024); writing of the sections Preservation of tissue-specific characteristics of cells in vitro and Cultivation of cells in 3D models (authors M.M. Abdurakhmanova and E.V. Kuligina) as well as Licensed access to Biorender for preparing drawings were carried out at the expense of the grant of the Russian Science Foundation No. 24-14-00390, http://rscf.ru/project/24-14-00390/.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdurakhmanova M.M., Ermakov M.S., Richter V.A., Koval O.A., Nushtaeva A.A. 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