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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/vjgb-25-26</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-4541</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГЕНЕТИКА НАСЕКОМЫХ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>INSECT GENETICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Цитогенетика насекомых в эпоху хромосомных сборок полных геномов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Cytogenetics of insects in the era of chromosome-level genome assemblies</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лухтанов</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lukhtanov</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Паженкова</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pazhenkova</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Любляна</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p> Ljubljana</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lukhtanov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Зоологический институт Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Университет Любляны<country>Словения</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">University of Ljubljana<country>Slovenia</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>230</fpage><lpage>237</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Лухтанов В.А., Паженкова Е.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лухтанов В.А., Паженкова Е.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lukhtanov V.A., Pazhenkova E.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4541">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4541</self-uri><abstract><p>За последние несколько лет в цитогенетике произошли серьезные изменения, связанные с разработкой и распространением методов получения высококачественных хромосомных сборок полных геномов. Фактически это привело к появлению нового инструмента для изучения хромосом и хромосомных перестроек, мощность которого многократно превосходит возможности световой микроскопии. Использование этого инструмента революционизировало частную цитогенетику многих групп насекомых, для которых ранее информация о кариотипах, если она была вообще, ограничивалась элементарным подсчетом числа митотических или мейотических хромосом. Цель данного краткого обзора – обобщение достижений сравнительной и эволюционной цитогенетики насекомых, которые были получены на основании биоинформатического анализа хромосомных сборок полных геномов. С помощью этого подхода было показано, что в процессе быстрой хромосомной эволюции у чешуекрылых (отряд Lepidoptera) преобразования хромосомных чисел чаще всего осуществляются наиболее парсимониальным способом: в результате простых слияний и разделений хромосом. Установлено, что эти слияния и разделения не случайны и могут осуществляться в разных филогенетических линиях за счет повторного использования одних и тех же предковых хромосомных точек разрыва. Тенденция к разделениям хромосом скоррелирована с наличием в хромосомах так называемых интерстициальных теломер – теломероподобных структур, расположенных не на концах хромосом, а внутри них. При изучении теломерных регионов выявлено, что у большинства насекомых теломерная ДНК – это не просто набор коротких повторов, а очень длинная последовательность, состоящая из (TTAGG)n (или других мотивов), регулярно и специфически прерываемая ретротранспозонами, а сами теломерные мотивы чрезвычайно разнообразны по длине и нуклеотидному составу. Число высококачественных хромосомных сборок геномов насекомых, доступных в базе данных GenBank, растет в геометрической прогрессии и уже превышает тысячу видов. Поэтому исключительные перспективы использования хромосомных сборок геномов для анализа кариотипов не вызывают сомнений.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Over the past few years, a revolution has occurred in cytogenetics, driven by the emergence and spread of methods for obtaining high-quality chromosome-level genome assemblies. In fact, this has led to a new tool for studying chromosomes and chromosomal rearrangements, and this tool is thousands of times more powerful than light microscopy. This tool has revolutionized the cytogenetics of many groups of insects for which previously karyotype information, if available at all, was limited to the chromosome number. Even more impressive are the achievements of the genomic approach for studying the general patterns of chromosome organization and evolution in insects. Thus, it has been shown that rapid transformations of chromosomal numbers, which are often found in the order Lepidoptera, are most often carried out in the most parsimonious way, as a result of simple fusions and fissions of chromosomes. It has been established that these fusions and fissions are not random and occur independently in different phylogenetic lineages due to the reuse of the same ancestral chromosomal breakpoints. It has been shown that the tendency for chromosome fissions is correlated with the presence in chromosomes of the so-called interstitial telomeres, i.e. telomere-like structures located not at the ends of chromosomes, but inside them. It has been revealed that, in most insects, telomeric DNA is not just a set of short repeats, but a very long sequence consisting of (TTAGG)n (or other telomeric motifs), regularly and specifically interrupted by retrotransposons, and the telomeric motifs are diverse in terms of their length and nucleotide composition. The number of high-quality chromosome-level genome assemblies available for insects in the GenBank database is growing exponentially and now exceeds a thousand species. Therefore, the exceptional prospects for using genomic data for karyotype analysis are beyond doubt.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хромосома</kwd><kwd>кариотип</kwd><kwd>хромосомные перестройки</kwd><kwd>теломера</kwd><kwd>мейотический драйв</kwd><kwd>рекомбинация</kwd><kwd>половые хромосомы</kwd><kwd>инверсии</kwd><kwd>синтении</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chromosome</kwd><kwd>karyotype</kwd><kwd>chromosomal rearrangements</kwd><kwd>telomere</kwd><kwd>meiotic drive</kwd><kwd>recombination</kwd><kwd>sex chromosomes</kwd><kwd>inversion</kwd><kwd>synteny</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The work was prepared with the financial support of the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 24-14-00047, https://rscf.ru/project/24-14-00047/.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">BAC Resource Consortium. 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