vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/vjgb-25-32vavilov-4548Research ArticleМЕДИЦИНСКАЯ ГЕНЕТИКАMEDICAL GENETICSРоль ретроэлементов в развитии болезни ПаркинсонаThe role of retroelements in Parkinson’s disease developmentМустафинР. Н.MustafinR. N.

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ruji79@mail.ruБашкирский государственный медицинский университетРоссияBashkir State Medical UniversityRussian Federation202511042025292290300Copyright © Мустафин Р.Н., 20252025Мустафин Р.Н.Mustafin R.N.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4548

Болезнь Паркинсона – второе по распространенности нейродегенеративное заболевание, характеризующееся накоплением альфа-синуклеина и телец Леви в черной субстанции головного мозга. Генетические исследования свидетельствуют об ассоциации с болезнью различных SNP, многие из которых расположены в межгенных и интронных областях, где локализованы также ретротранспозоны и произошедшие от них гены некодирующих РНК. В связи с этим сделано предположение о влиянии SNP в генах ретроэлементов на развитие болезни Паркинсона. Фактором предрасположенности является активация ретротранспозонов с возрастом, поскольку заболевание ассоциировано со старением. Предложена гипотеза о том, что альфа-синуклеин накапливается в головном мозге вследствие его взаимодействия с транскриптами активированных ретроэлементов. В результате дефектного противовирусного ответа и большого количества РНК-мишеней для данного белка его агрегаты образуют тельца Леви в нейронах с последующим воспалением черной субстанции и активацией нейродегенеративных процессов. В качестве доказательства приведены данные о роли альфа-синуклеина в противовирусном ответе со связыванием с РНК вирусов, которые характеризуются способностью активировать ретроэлементы, произошедшие в эволюции от встроенных в геном человека экзогенных вирусов. Обнаружены также активированные LINE1-ретроэлементы в головном мозге, эндогенные ретровирусы и LINE1 в сыворотке крови пациентов с болезнью Паркинсона. Дополнительный механизм, способствующий прогрессированию болезни, представляет собой дисфункция митохондрий вследствие инсерций в их геномы Alu-элементов с помощью ферментов LINE1. Описаны механизмы влияния активированных ретротранспозонов на произошедшие от них в эволюции микроРНК. Анализ научной литературы позволил выявить 35 таких микроРНК (miR-1246, -1249, -1271, -1273, -1303, -151, -211, -28, -31, -320b, -320d, -330, -335, -342, -374a, -374b, -421, -4293, -4317, -450b, -466, -487b, -493, -495, -5095, -520d, -576, -585, -6088, -619, -625, -626, -769, -885, -95), ассоциированных с болезнью Паркинсона, которые могут стать перспективными мишенями для ее лечения и диагностики.

Parkinson’s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by accumulation of alpha-synuclein and Lewy bodies in the brain’s substantia nigra. Genetic studies indicate an association of various SNPs, many of which are located in intergenic and intronic regions, where retrotransposons and non-coding RNA genes derived from them reside, with this disease. Therefore, we hypothesize the influence of SNPs in retroelement genes on Parkinson’s disease development. A susceptibility factor is retrotransposons activation with age, since the disease is associated with aging. We hypothesized that alpha-synuclein accumulates in the brain due to its interaction with transcripts of activated retroelements. As a result of a defective antiviral response and a large number of RNA targets for this protein, its aggregates form Lewy bodies in neurons with inflammation and neurodegeneration development in the substantia nigra. As evidence, data are presented on the role of alpha-synuclein in the antiviral response with binding to RNA viruses, which are characterized by the ability to activate retroelements that have evolved from exogenous viruses integrated into the human genome. Activation of LINE1s in the brain, endogenous retroviruses, and LINE1s in the blood serum of Parkinson’s disease patients was detected. An additional mechanism contributing to the progression of the disease is mitochondrial dysfunction due to insertions of Alu elements into their genomes using LINE1 enzymes. Mechanisms of activated retrotransposons’ influence on microRNAs that evolved from them are described. Analysis of the scientific literature allowed us to identify 35 such microRNAs (miR-1246, -1249, -1271, -1273, -1303, -151, -211, -28, -31, -320b, -320d, -330, -335, - 342, -374a, -374b, -421, -4293, -4317, -450b, -466, -487b, -493, -495, -5095, -520d, -576, -585, -6088, -619, -625, -626, -769, -885, -95) associated with Parkinson’s disease, which may become promising targets for its treatment and diagnosis.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.