vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/vjgb-25-45vavilov-4608Research ArticleГЕНЕТИКА ЧЕЛОВЕКАHUMAN GENETICSК исторической генетике Великого Болгара: геномный анализ людей из погребений XIV века у Греческой палатыGreat Bolgar’s historical genetics: a genomic study of individuals from burials close to the Greek Chamber in the 14th centuryАндрееваТ. В.AndreevaT. V.

Краснодарский край

Москва

Krasnodar region

Moscow

andreeva@rogaevlab.ruСошкинаА. Д.SoshkinaA. D.

Москва

Moscow

КунижеваС. С.KunizhevaS. S.

Краснодарский край

Москва

Krasnodar region

Moscow

МанаховА. Д.ManakhovA. D.

Краснодарский край

Москва

Krasnodar region

Moscow

ПежемскийД. В.PezhemskyD. V.

Москва

Moscow

РогаевЕ. И.RogaevE. I.

Москва

Шрусбери, США 

Krasnodar region

Shrewsburry, MA, USA 

evivrecc@gmail.comНаучный центр генетики и наук о жизни, Научно-технологический университет «Сириус»; Центр генетики и генетических технологий, Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова; Институт общей генетики им. Н.И. Вавилова Российской академии наукРоссияResearch Centre for Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory; Centre of Genetics and Genetic Technologies, Lomonosov Moscow State University; Vavilov Institute of General Genetics of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian FederationИнститут общей генетики им. Н.И. Вавилова Российской академии наукРоссияVavilov Institute of General Genetics of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian FederationНаучный центр генетики и наук о жизни, Научно-технологический университет «Сириус»; Институт общей генетики им. Н.И. Вавилова Российской академии наукРоссияResearch Centre for Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory; Vavilov Institute of General Genetics of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian FederationНаучно-исследовательский институт и Музей антропологии им. Д.Н. Анучина Московского государственного университета им. М.В. ЛомоносоваРоссияResearch Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityRussian FederationНаучный центр генетики и наук о жизни, Научно-технологический университет «Сириус»; Медицинская школа Чан Массачусетского университета, департамент психиатрииРоссияResearch Centre for Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory; Department of Psychiatry, UMass Chan Medical SchoolRussian Federation202503062025293423432Copyright © Андреева Т.В., Сошкина А.Д., Кунижева С.С., Манахов А.Д., Пежемский Д.В., Рогаев Е.И., 20252025Андреева Т.В., Сошкина А.Д., Кунижева С.С., Манахов А.Д., Пежемский Д.В., Рогаев Е.И.Andreeva T.V., Soshkina A.D., Kunizheva S.S., Manakhov A.D., Pezhemsky D.V., Rogaev E.I.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4608

Великий Болгар – один самых значительных средневековых городов Восточной Европы, до монгольского завоевания был крупным административным центром Волжской Булгарии, а после 1236 г. некоторое время выполнял функции столицы Золотой Орды. Исторические, археологические и палеоантропологические данные свидетельствуют о смешанном составе населения этого города в XIII–XV вв., однако вклад тех или иных этнических групп в его генетическую структуру остается не вполне ясным, и до сих пор отсутствуют генетические данные для этой группы средневекового населения. Мы впервые с применением методов масштабного параллельного секвенирования определили полногеномные последовательности у трех жителей Великого Болгара, погребенных в первой половине XIV в. у так называемой Греческой палаты. Среднее покрытие исследованных геномов составило от х0.5 до х1.5, что позволило определить генетический пол индивидов (двое мужчин и одна женщина) и провести популяционно-генетический анализ. Были подтверждены аутентичность исследованной ДНК и низкий уровень контаминации, а также определены гаплогруппы митохондриальной ДНК всех трех индивидов и гаплогруппы Y-хромосомы двух индивидов мужского пола. Для проведения сравнительного популяционно-генетического анализа нами задействованы опубликованные ранее данные геномного секвенирования более 2.7 тыс. образцов ДНК представителей современных и древних популяций. Анализ полногеномных данных трех индивидов из Великого Болгара с использованием однородительских маркеров (митохондриальной ДНК и Y-хромосомы) и аутосомных маркеров показал генетическую гетерогенность исследованной группы населения. По результатам геномного анализа с применением аутосомных маркеров и метода главных компонент (PCA) и f4-статистики нами выявлена генетическая связь одного индивида (женщины) с современными финно-угорскими народами Волго-Уральского региона. Геномный анализ двух других индивидов предполагает их армянское происхождение и свидетельствует о существовании потока мигрантов с территории Кавказа или Анатолии. Полученные результаты хорошо согласуются с данными археологии и палеоантропологии, а также существенно дополняют их в части реконструкции вклада автохтонного населения в формирование популяционной структуры средневековых жителей Болгара.

Bolgar was one of the most significant mediaeval cities in Eastern Europe. Before the Mongol conquest, it served as a major administrative centre of Volga Bulgaria, and after 1236, it temporarily functioned as the capital of the Golden Horde. Historical, archaeological, and paleoanthropological evidence indicates a mixed population of this city during the 13th–15th centuries; however, the contributions of exact ethnic groups into its genetic structure remain unclear. To date, there are no genetic data for this medieval group. For the first time, using massive parallel sequencing methods, we determined whole-genome sequences for three individuals from Bolgar who were buried in the early 14th century close to the so-called “Greek Chamber”. The average coverage of the studied genomes ranged from x0.5 to x1.5. We identified the genetic sex of the people (two men and one woman), and performed a population genetic analysis. The authenticity of the DNA studied and the low level of contamination were confirmed, and the mitochondrial DNA haplogroups of all three individuals as well as the Y-chromosome haplogroups of two male individuals were determined. We used more than 2.7 thousand DNA samples from re presentatives of ancient and modern populations that had been previously published to perform a comparative population-genetic analysis. Whole-genome data analysis employing uniparental markers (mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome) and autosomal markers revealed genetic heterogeneity in this population. Based on PCA and f4- statistics analysis, a genetic connection was identified between one of the individuals (female) and modern Finno-Ugric peoples of the Volga-Ural region. Genomic analysis of the other two individuals suggests their Armenian origin and indicates migrant influx from the Caucasus or Anatolia. The results align well with archaeological and paleoanthropological findings and significantly enhance them by reconstructing the contributions of the indigenous population to the formation of the mediaeval Bolgar population structure.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.