vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/vjgb-25-54vavilov-4676Research ArticleГЕНЕТИКА РАСТЕНИЙPLANT GENETICSОсобенности генетического картирования локусов, влияющих на образование эмбриогенного каллуса и регенерацию растений in vitro у зерновых и бобовых культурGenetic mapping of loci affecting embryogenic callus formation and in vitro regeneration in cereals and leguminous cropsПотокинаЕ. К.PotokinaE. K.

Mосква

Moscow

e.potokina@skoltech.ruСущенкоА. С.SushchenkoA. S.

Mосква

Moscow

Сколковский институт науки и технологий (Сколтех)РоссияSkolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech)Russian Federation202520072025294508516Copyright © Потокина Е.К., Сущенко А.С., 20252025Потокина Е.К., Сущенко А.С.Potokina E.K., Sushchenko A.S.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4676

Рекальцитрантность определяется как неспосо6ность видов или отдельных генотипов растений к эффективной регенерации и/или трансформации в культуре in vitro и представляет со6ой самое существенное ограничение для геномного редактирования сельскохозяйственных культур. Для разра6отки протоколов генотип-независимой трансформации и регенерации культурных растений нео6ходимы знания о генетических факторах, детерминирующих рекальцитрантность у различных видов растений в условиях in vitro. Поиск их путем классического картирования QTL для признаков эффективности каллусоо6разования, регенерации, трансформации в расщепляющихся популяциях считается сложным и трудоемким процессом из-за специфичной природы анализируемых фенотипов и сильной взаимосвязи «генотип – среда». B статье приводится о6зор методологии, перспектив и наи6олее ярких достижений «прямой» генетики в идентификации генетических детерминант рекальцитрантности у самых востре6ованных и одновременно наи6олее трудных для ра6оты in vitro зерновых и 6о6овых культур. Приведены примеры генетического картирования и успешного клонирования генов, отвечающих за разные аспекты рекальцитрантности у злаков. Tак, установлено, что формирование 6ыстро пролиферирующего эм6риогенного каллуса II типа у кукурузы определяется повышенной экспрессией гена Wox2a. Популярный в „понии сорт риса Koshihikari плохо регенерирует в культуре in vitro из-за нарушенного мета6олизма нитратов, так как отличается низким уровнем экспрессии нитритредуктазы (NiR), прео6разующей нитрит в аммиак. По6урение каллуса, встречающееся среди многих видов растений и приводящее к снижению регенерационной спосо6ности, у сортов риса (Oryza sativa ssp. indica) зависит от уровня экспрессии гена Browning of Callus1 (BOC1), который кодирует 6елок SRO (Similar to RCD One), регулирующий реакцию растения на окислительный стресс. Аналогичные ра6оты по картированию локусов для признаков соматического эм6риогенеза у сои позволили о6наружить мажорные (major) QTL, о6ъясняющие 45 и 26 % изменчивости признака. Исследования по генетическому картированию локусов, влияющих на эффективность регенерации и эм6риогенеза у рекальцитрантных видов растений, имеют очевидные перспективы в связи с появлением аннотированных референсных геномов, высокопроизводительного генотипирования и генетических карт с высоким разрешением.

Recalcitrance is defined as the inability of plant species or individual genotypes to effectively regenerate and/or to be transformed in in vitro culture, and is the most significant limitation for genome editing of agricultural crops. To develop protocols for genotype-independent transformation and regeneration of cultivated plants, knowledge of the genetic factors that determine recalcitrance in various plant species under in vitro conditions is required. Their search by classical QTL mapping in populations segregating for callus formation efficiency, regeneration, and transformation is considered a complex and labor-intensive process due to a specific nature of the analyzed phenotypes and a strong genotype-environment relationship. The article provides an overview of the methodology, prospects, and most outstanding achievements of “forward” genetics in identifying genetic determinants of recalcitrance in the most popular and at the same time most difficult to work with in vitro cereal and legume crops. Examples of genetic mapping and successful cloning of genes responsible for various aspects of recalcitrance in cereals are discussed. Thus, it was found that the formation of rapidly proliferating type II embryogenic callus in maize is determined by increased expression of the Wox2a gene. The Koshihikari rice variety, popular in Japan, poorly regenerates in vitro due to impaired nitrate metabolism, since it has a low expression level of nitrite reductase (NiR), which converts nitrite into ammonia. Callus browning, which occurs among many plant species and leads to a decrease in regenerative capacity and even to plant death, in rice varieties (Oryza sativa ssp. indica) depends on the expression level of the Browning of Callus1 (BOC1) gene, which encodes the SRO protein (Similar to RCD One), regulating the plant response to oxidative stress. Similar studies on mapping loci for somatic embryogenesis traits in soybean have revealed major QTLs explaining 45 and 26 % of phenotypic variation. Studies on genetic mapping of loci affecting the efficiency of regeneration and embryogenesis in recalcitrant plant species have obvious prospects due to the emergence of annotated reference genomes, high-throughput genotyping and high-resolution genetic maps.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.