vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/vjgb-25-61vavilov-4683Research ArticleПОПУЛЯЦИОННАЯ ГЕНЕТИКАPOPULATION GENETICSГенетическая изменчивость и филогеография сорок рода Pica ГоларктикиGenetic variation and phylogeography of the magpie’s genus Pica in the HolarcticКрюковА. П.KryukovA. Р.

Владивосток

Vladivostok

kryukov@biosoil.ruФедеральный научный центр 6иоразноо6разия наземной 6иоты Восточной Азии Дальневосточного отделения Российской академии наукРоссияFederal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation202520072025294578593Copyright © Крюков А.П., 20252025Крюков А.П.Kryukov A.Р.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4683

Для о6ъяснения истории формирования популяционно-генетической структуры видов часто привлекают теорию плейстоценовых рефугиумов. Однако она не может охватить все многоо6разие видоспецифических осо6енностей и природных ситуаций. Широко распространенный в Голарктике род сорок Pica оказался удо6ным для построения картины филогеографии с целью познания процессов диверсификации и видоо6разования. Маркеры митохондриальной ДНК по-прежнему широко используются в филогеографических исследованиях, несмотря на прогресс методов полногеномного секвенирования. Представлен о6зор результатов анализа изменчивости контрольного региона (CR) митохондриальной ДНК по опу6ликованным нами данным от 279 о6разцов, представляющих подавляющее 6ольшинство таксонов сорок. На филогенетических деревьях и сетях гаплотипов мы о6наружили, помимо реципрокной монофилии аллопатрических видов и подвидов, примеры парафилии и полифилии. Контурные диаграммы демографии популяций показали разную продолжительность жизни линий после их основания ли6о прохождения «6утылочного горлышка», как в камчатской популяции, и неодинаковую интенсивность экспансий. Видоо6разование сорок проходило, вероятно, по географической модели за счет расселения и викарирования, в том числе с изоляцией и дивергенцией в рефугиумах. В ряде случаев предполагается перипатрическое видоо6разование за счет отделения краевых изолятов. По гаплотипическому составу молодых популяций островов Хоккайдо и Кюсю прослежены материковые источники их происхождения. Случаи незавершенного видоо6разования выявлены по наличию неполной сортировки линий, приводящей к парафилии, ли6о современной межвидовой интрогрессии ядерных генов. Предложены гипотезы формирования ареалов некоторых таксонов сорок. Привлечение 6ольшого о6ъема литературы позволило сопоставить отмеченные в роде Pica разноо6разные эволюционные сценарии с описанными для других видов птиц.

The theory of Pleistocene refugia is often used to explain the population genetic structure of species. However, it does not fully account for the diversity of species-specific characteristics and natural conditions. The genus Pica, which is widespread in the Holarctic, provides an ideal model for studying phylogeographic patterns in order to better understand processes of diversification and speciation. Markers of mitochondrial DNA remain widely used in phylogeographic studies, despite advances of whole genome techniques. We have summarized published research on the mitochondrial DNA Control Region (CR) variation, based on data from 279 samples which represent the majority of extant taxa across the entire distribution range of the genus. In the phylogenetic trees and networks, we found several cases of reciprocal monophyly among most allopatric species and subspecies, and in addition some examples of paraphyly and polyphyly. Bayesian skyline plots were calculated to explore population dynamics over time. They showed varying longevity of the lineages since their origin or after experiencing a bottleneck, e. g., in the case of the Kamchatka population, as well as unequal rates of expansion. In most cases, speciation followed a geographic model involving expansion and vicariance, sometimes with divergence in refugia. Somewhere, peripatric speciation may have happened due to separation of a marginal populations. By comparing haplotype composition among populations, we traced the origin of the recently established populations on Hokkaido and Kyushu islands from a limited number of colonizers from the mainland. Isolated cases of species in statu nascendi were identified through evidence of incomplete lineage sorting, leading to paraphyly, or signs of limited unidirectional interspecies introgression of nuclear genes in secondary contact zones. Several hypotheses regarding the formation of the magpie´s range are proposed. Various evolutionary scenarios found in the genus Pica were compared to those reported for the other bird species in a number of literature sources. 

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.