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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/vjgb-25-98</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-4875</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>КОМПЬЮТЕРНАЯ ГЕНОМИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>MICROBIAL GENETICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Отражение процессов повреждения ДНК в эволюции G-трактов в геномах</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>DNA damage reflected in the evolution of G-runs in genomes</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5685-1248</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Грин</surname><given-names>И. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grin</surname><given-names>I. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5013-0194</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жарков</surname><given-names>Д. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zharkov</surname><given-names>D. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dzharkov@niboch.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт химической биологии и фундаментальной медицины Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт химической биологии и фундаментальной медицины Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук; Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университет,<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk State University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>913</fpage><lpage>924</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Грин И.Р., Жарков Д.О., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Грин И.Р., Жарков Д.О.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Grin I.R., Zharkov D.O.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4875">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4875</self-uri><abstract><p>   Окисление ДНК представляет собой один из главных видов повреждения генетического материала живых организмов. Из многих десятков продуктов окислительного повреждения ДНК в наибольшем количестве встречается 8-оксогуанин (8-oxoG) – предмутагенное основание, приводящее при репликации к трансверсиям G→T. Двуцепочечная ДНК обладает способностью к проводимости положительных зарядов, связанных с дефицитом электронов в π-системе азотистых оснований. Такие заряды в конечном итоге локализуются на 5’-концевом нуклеотиде полигуаниновых трактов (G-трактов). В связи с этим 5’-концевые нуклеотиды G-трактов служат характерными местами образования 8-oxoG. Эти свойства G-трактов хорошо изучены in vitro на уровне реакционной способности, но остается неясным, насколько они могут отражаться в спектрах мутагенеза in vivo. В работе проанализирован нуклеотидный контекст G-трактов в репрезентативном наборе из 62 полных геномов прокариот и в геноме человека с покрытием «от теломеры до теломеры». Показано, что G-тракты в среднем короче полиадениновых трактов (A-трактов) и вероятность удлинения G-трактов на один нуклеотид ниже, чем в случае A-трактов. Установлено, что представленность T в положении, примыкающем к G-трактам с 5’-стороны, повышена, в особенности у организмов с аэробным метаболизмом, что согласуется с моделью преимущественных мутаций G→T в 5’-положении с 8-oxoG как предшественником. В то же время в положении, примыкающем к A-трактам, повышена частота встречаемости G и C и снижена частота встречаемости T. В геноме человека наблюдается двухфазный характер разрастания G-трактов: начиная с длины 8–9 нуклеотидов вероятность их удлинения на один нуклеотид заметно увеличивается. Выявлена повышенная представленность C с 5’-стороны от длинных G-трактов и A при заменах в теломерных повторах, что может свидетельствовать о существовании мутагенных процессов, механизм которых пока не охарактеризован, но может быть связан с ошибками ДНК-полимераз при репликации продуктов дальнейшего окисления 8-oxoG.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>   DNA oxidation is one of the main types of damage to the genetic material of living organisms. Of the many dozens of oxidative lesions, the most abundant is 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG), a premutagenic base that leads to G→T transversions during replication. Double-stranded DNA can conduct holes through the π system of stacked nucleobases. Such electron vacancies are ultimately localized at the 5’-terminal nucleotides of polyguanine runs (G-runs), making these positions characteristic sites of 8-oxoG formation. While such properties of G-runs have been studied in vitro at the level of chemical reactivity, the extent to which they can influence mutagenesis spectra in vivo remains unclear. Here, we have analyzed the nucleotide context of G-runs in a representative set of 62 high-quality prokaryotic genomes and in the human telomere-to-telomere genome. G-runs were, on average, shorter than polyadenine runs (A- runs), and the probability of a G-run being elongated by one nucleotide is lower than in the case of A-runs. The re presentation of T in the position 5’-flanking G-runs is increased, especially in organisms with aerobic metabolism, which is consistent with the model of preferential G→T substitutions at the 5’-position with 8-oxoG as a precursor. Conversely, the frequency of G and C is increased and the frequency of T is decreased in the position 5’-flanking A- runs. A biphasic pattern of G-run expansion is observed in the human genome: the probability of sequences longer than 8–9 nucleotides being elongated by one nucleotide increases significantly. An increased representation of C in the 5’-flanking position to long G-runs was found, together with an elevated frequency of 5’-G→A substitutions in telomere repeats. This may indicate the existence of mutagenic processes whose mechanism has not yet been charac terized but may be associated with DNA polymerase errors during replication of the products of further oxidation of 8-oxoG.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>повреждение ДНК</kwd><kwd>мутагенез</kwd><kwd>8-оксогуанин</kwd><kwd>G-тракты</kwd><kwd>теломеры</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>DNA damage</kwd><kwd>mutagenesis</kwd><kwd>8-oxogianine</kwd><kwd>G-runs</kwd><kwd>telomeres</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>This study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project 24-14-00285, human genome analysis). 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