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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/vjgb-25-102</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-4879</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СИСТЕМНАЯ КОМПЬЮТЕРНАЯ БИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SYSTEMS COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Реконструкция и анализ генной сети регуляции апоптоза при гепатоцеллюлярной карциноме на основе данных scRNA-seq и базы знаний AND-System</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Reconstruction and analysis of the gene network regulating apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma based on scRNA-seq data and the AND-System knowledge base</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5923-3709</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Адамовская</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Adamovskaya</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">adamovskayaav@bionet.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9245-8988</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Яцык</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yatsyk</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7537-2525</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Клещев</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kleshchev</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9433-8341</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Деменков</surname><given-names>П. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Demenkov</surname><given-names>P. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0005-9155</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванисенко</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanisenko</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1859-4631</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванисенко</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanisenko</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук; Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университет<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk State University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>963</fpage><lpage>977</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Адамовская А.В., Яцык И.В., Клещев М.А., Деменков П.С., Иванисенко Т.В., Иванисенко В.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Адамовская А.В., Яцык И.В., Клещев М.А., Деменков П.С., Иванисенко Т.В., Иванисенко В.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Adamovskaya A.V., Yatsyk I.V., Kleshchev M.A., Demenkov P.S., Ivanisenko T.V., Ivanisenko V.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4879">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4879</self-uri><abstract><p>   Гепатоцеллюлярная карцинома – наиболее распространенный первичный рак печени, характеризующийся быстрым прогрессированием, высокой летальностью и устойчивостью к терапии. Одним из ключевых направлений в изучении молекулярных механизмов развития гепатоцеллюлярной карцино­мы является анализ нарушений процессов апоптоза в гепатоцитах. На протяжении всей жизни благодаря апоптозу происходит элиминация старых и дефектных клеток, тогда как ослабление апоптотической гибели служит одним из ведущих факторов канцерогенеза. В настоящем исследовании выполнены реконструкция и анализ генной сети регуляции апоптоза гепатоцитов у человека на основе данных секвенирования транскриптома одиночных клеток (scRNA­seq) и базы знаний ANDSystem, использующей методы искусственного интеллекта и компьютерной системной биологии. Сравнительный анализ экспрессии генов показал ослабление транскрипции генов, вовлеченных в регуляцию воспалительных процессов и апоптоза, в опухолевых гепатоцитах по сравнению с гепатоцитами нормальной ткани печени. Реконструированная сеть включала 116 дифференциально экспрессирующихся генов, аннотированных в Gene Ontology как гены, вовлеченные в процесс апоптоза (apoptotic process GO:0006915), 116 соответствующих белков, а также 16 дополнительных белков, не имеющих GO-­аннотации, но дифференциально экспрессируемых при гепатоцеллюлярной карциноме и вовлеченных во взаимодействия с генами и белками, участвующими в процессе апоптоза. Компьютерный анализ генной сети выявил ряд ключевых белков – продуктов генов NFKB1, MMP9, BCL2, A4, CDN1A, CDK1, ERBB2, G3P, MCL1, FOXO1, демонстрирующих как высокое число связей с другими объектами сети, так и дифференциальную экспрессию при гепатоцеллюлярной карциноме. Особый интерес представляют белки CDKN1A, ERBB2, IL8 и EGR1, не аннотированные в Gene Ontology как участники апоптоза, но обладающие статистически значимым числом взаимодействий с генами, вовлеченными в апоптоз, что указывает на их роль в регуляции программируемой клеточной гибели. Полученные результаты могут найти применение для планирования новых экспериментов по изучению роли апоптоза в канцерогенезе и поиска новых мишеней и подходов для терапии гепатоцеллюлярной карциномы, основанных на модуляции апоптоза в злокачественных гепатоцитах. Предложенный подход к реконструкции и анализу генной сети регуляции апоптоза при гепатоцеллюлярной карциноме может быть использован для анализа других форм опухолей и дает системное представление о нарушениях ключевых регуляторных процессов в онкогенезе и потенциальных мишенях для терапии.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>   Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer characterized by rapid progres­ sion, high mortality rate and therapy resistance. One of the key areas in studying the molecular mechanisms of HCC development is the analysis of disturbances in apoptosis processes in hepatocytes. Throughout life apoptosis en­sures the elimination of old and defective cells while the attenuation of this process serves as one of the leading fac­tors in carcinogenesis. In this study we reconstructed and analyzed the gene network regulating hepatocyte apo­ptosis in humans based on single­cell transcriptome sequencing (scRNA­seq) data and the ANDSystem know ledge base which employs artificial intelligence and computational systems biology methods. Comparative analysis of gene expression revealed weakened transcription of genes involved in the regulation of inflammatory processes and apoptosis in tumor hepatocytes compared to hepatocytes of normal liver tissue. The reconstructed network included 116 differentially expressed genes annotated in Gene Ontology as genes involved in the apoptotic pro­cess (apoptotic process GO:0006915), along with their 116 corresponding protein products. It also included 16 ad­ditional proteins that, while lacking GO apoptosis annotation, were differentially expressed in HCC and interacting with genes and proteins participating in the apoptosis process. Computational analysis of the gene network identi­ fied several key protein products encoded by the genes NFKB1, MMP9, BCL2, A4, CDKN1A, CDK1, ERBB2, G3P, MCL1, FOXO1. These proteins exhibited both a high degree of connectivity with other network objects and differential ex­pression in HCC. Of particular interest are proteins CDKN1A, ERBB2, IL8, and EGR1, which are not annotated in Gene Ontology as apoptosis participants but have a statistically significant number of interactions with genes involved in apoptosis. This indicates their role in regulating programmed cell death. The obtained results can guide the design of new experiments studying the role of apoptosis in carcinogenesis and aid in the search for novel therapeutic targets and approaches for HCC therapy using apoptosis modulation in malignant hepatocytes. Furthermore, the proposed approach to reconstructing and analyzing the apoptosis regulation gene network in hepatocellular car­cinoma can be applied to analyze other tumor forms providing a systemic understanding of disturbances in key regulatory processes in oncogenesis and potential therapy targets.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гепатоцеллюлярная карцинома</kwd><kwd>транскриптомика одиночных клеток</kwd><kwd>апоптоз</kwd><kwd>генные сети</kwd><kwd>когнитивная система AND-System</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hepatocellular carcinoma</kwd><kwd>single cell transcriptomics</kwd><kwd>apoptosis</kwd><kwd>gene networks</kwd><kwd>cognitive system AND-System</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The study was supported by budget project FWNR­2022­0020</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abbas T., Dutta A. p21 in cancer: intricate networks and multiple activities. 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