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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/vjgb-25-116</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-4894</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭВОЛЮЦИОННАЯ БИОИНФОРМАТИКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>EVOLUTIONARY BIOINFORMATICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Асимметрия нуклеотидных замен в тРНК свидетельствует об общем происхождении современных организмов от термофильного предка</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Asymmetry of nucleotide substitutions in tRNAs indicates common descent of modern organisms from a thermophilic ancestor</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2691-3292</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Титов</surname><given-names>И. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Titov</surname><given-names>I. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">titov@bionet.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук; Курчатовский геномный центр ИЦиГ СО РАН<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Kurchatov Genomic Center of ICG SB RAS<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>7</issue><fpage>1122</fpage><lpage>1128</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Титов И.И., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Титов И.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Titov I.I.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4894">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4894</self-uri><abstract><p>   Природа последнего универсального общего предка (last universal common ancestor, LUCA) всех ныне живущих организмов до сих пор остается актуальной проблемой биологии. Существуют свидетельства в пользу того, что LUCA был как термофилом, так и мезофилом. Усложнение клеточного аппарата в ходе эволюции от ранних форм жизни к современным организмам могло проявиться в долговременных эволюционных изменениях нуклеотидного состава генетических последовательностей. Выявлению подобных тенденций в последовательностях тРНК посвящена эта работа. Представлены результаты эволюционного анализа точечных нуклеотидных замен в тРНК 123 видов трех доменов: Bacteria, Archaea и Eukaryota. Обнаружен универсальный вектор направленного эволюционного изменения последовательностей тРНК, при котором замены гуанина (G) и цитозина (С) на аденин (А) и урацил (U) суммарно происходят чаще обратных. Наиболее ярко асимметрия числа замен наблюдается в следующих переходах: а) между пуринами в преобладании числа замен G→A над числом замен A→G; б) между пиримидинами в преобладании C→U над U→C, а также в) при переходе из пурина в пиримидин и наоборот – в преобладании G→U над U→G. В результате эволюционного процесса тРНК могли терять «сильные» комплементарные пары с тремя водородными связями, формируемые гуанином и цитозином, и фиксировать «слабые» комплементарные пары с двумя водородными связями, образуемые аденином и урацилом. Обнаруженному изменению состава последовательностей были подвержены 16 из 20 семейств тРНК, что соответствует уровню статистической значимости p = 0.006 согласно одностороннему биномиальному тесту. Выявленная закономерность свидетельствует о высоком GC-содержании в последовательности общего предка современных тРНК и, следовательно, подтверждает предположение о том, что самая молодая из гипотетических общих предковых клеток, от которой произошли все ныне живущие организмы (последний универсальный общий предок, LUCA), обитала в более горячей среде, нежели ныне живущие организмы.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>   The nature of the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) of all living organisms remains a controversial issue in biology. There is evidence of both thermophilic and mesophilic LUCA origin. The increasing complexity of the cellular apparatus during the evolution from early life forms to modern organisms could have manifested itself in long-term evolutionary changes in the nucleotide composition of genetic sequences. This work is devoted to the identification of such trends in tRNA sequences. The results of an evolutionary analysis of single-nucleotide substitutions in tRNAs of 123 species from three domains – Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryota – are presented. A universal vector of directed evolutionary change in tRNA sequences has been discovered, in which substitutions of guanine (G) to adenine (A) and cytosine (C) to uracil (U) occur more frequently than the reverse. The most striking asymmetry in the number of substitutions is observed in the following transitions: a) purine-to-purine, where G→A outnumbers A→G, b) pyrimidine-to-pyrimidine, where C→U outnumbers U→C, and c) purine-to-pyrimidine and vice versa, where G→U outnumbers U→G. As a result, tRNAs could lose “strong” three-hydrogen-bond complementary pairs formed by guanine and cytosine and fix “weak” two-hydrogen-bond complementary pairs formed by adenine and uracil. 16 out of 20 tRNA families are susceptible to the detected change in sequence composition, which corresponds to the significance level p = 0.006 according to the one-sided binomial test. The identified pattern indicates a high GC content in the common ancestor of modern tRNAs, supporting the hypothesis that the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) lived in a hotter environment than do most contemporary organisms.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>эволюция</kwd><kwd>термофил</kwd><kwd>мутации</kwd><kwd>тРНК</kwd><kwd>матрица перехода</kwd><kwd>последний универсальный общий предок</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>evolution</kwd><kwd>thermophile</kwd><kwd>mutations</kwd><kwd>tRNA</kwd><kwd>transition matrix</kwd><kwd>last universal common ancestor</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The work was supported by budget project No. FWNR-2022-0020</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bermudez-Santana C., Attolini C.S.-O., Kirsten T., Engelhardt J., Prohaska S.J., Steigele S., Stadler P.F. 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