<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/vjgb-25-122</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-4915</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ХРОМОСОМНАЯ И ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКАЯ ИНЖЕНЕРИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CHROMOSOME AND GENE ENGINEERING</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Исследование потомства мутантов сорго, полученных с использованием генетической конструкции CRISPR/Cas9,  направленной на индукцию мутаций в гене α-кафирина k1C5</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Study of the progeny of sorghum mutants obtained using the CRISPR/Cas9 genetic construct directed at inducing mutations in the α-kafirin k1C5 gene</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3806-5697</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Эльконин</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Elkonin</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p> Саратов</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saratov</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lelkonin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1042-8273</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Геращенков</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gerashchenkov</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Уфа</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ufa</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3543-9083</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Борисенко</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Borisenko</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Саратов</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saratov</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1272-3105</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сарсенова</surname><given-names>С. Х.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sarsenova</surname><given-names>S. Kh.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Саратов</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saratov</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2851-415X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Панин</surname><given-names>В. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Panin</surname><given-names>V. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Саратов</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Saratov</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральный аграрный научный центр Юго-Востока<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Federal Centre of Agriculture Research of the South-East Region<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт биохимии и генетики – обособленное структурное подразделение Уфимского федерального исследовательского центра  Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics – Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>1161</fpage><lpage>1168</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Эльконин Л.А., Геращенков Г.А., Борисенко Н.В., Сарсенова С.Х., Панин В.М., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эльконин Л.А., Геращенков Г.А., Борисенко Н.В., Сарсенова С.Х., Панин В.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Elkonin L.A., Gerashchenkov G.A., Borisenko N.V., Sarsenova S.K., Panin V.M.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4915">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4915</self-uri><abstract><p>Сайт-направленный мутагенез посредством генетических конструкций, несущих систему CRISPR/Cas, считается эффективной технологией, активно применяемой для решения самых разных задач генетики и селекции у многих возделываемых культур. Зерновое сорго – уникальная по своей засухоустойчивости и жаростойкости злаковая культура, служащая источником кормов и пищевого зерна в аридных регионах земного шара, приобретающая все большее значение в условиях глобального потепления климата. Одной из основных задач селекции сорго явля ется улучшение сравнительно низкой питательной ценности зерна, обусловленной в том числе устойчивостью его запасных белков – кафиринов – к протеолитическому расщеплению. Нами ранее путем использования технологии CRISPR/Cas у зернового сорго сорта Аванс были получены мутанты с улучшенной перевариваемостью кафиринов в системе in vitro. При этом в качестве мишени был выбран один из членов генного семейства, кодирующего 22 кДа α-кафирин, а именно ген k1C5. Цель данного исследования – изучение потомства полученных нами ранее растений, несущих мутации в гене k1C5, отличающихся улучшенной перевариваемостью белков зерна в системе in vitro, а имен но: анализ наследования высокой перевариваемости, проявления основных селекционно ценных признаков, а также выявление структуры нуклеотидной последовательности, кодирующей сигнальный полипептид 22 кДа α-кафирина у ряда растений из поколения Т0 и их потомства T1. Обнаружено, что у четырех из шести изученных растений Т0, а также у их потомства присутствует одна и та же мутация: замена Т→С в 23-й позиции нуклеотидной последователь ности гена k1C5, кодирующей сигнальный полипептид, которая привела к замене кодирующего триплета CTC→CCC (Leu→Pro). Эта мутация располагается за пределами выбранной мишени, в направлении 3’ от последовательности PAM. Высказывается предположение, что данная мутация могла возникнуть в результате ошибок нуклеазы Cas9, обу словленных наличием нескольких последовательностей PAM, расположенных близко друг к другу. Установлено, что потомство двух из трех изученных мутантов (семьи T2 и Т3), выращенное в условиях опытного поля, отличалось от исходного сорта сниженной высотой растения (на 12.4–15.5 %). Длина цветоножки, масса 1000 зерен и масса зерна с метелки не отличались от исходного сорта, за исключением потомства мутанта 2С-1.2.5b, у которого урожай зерна с метелки был снижен. В отличие от исходного сорта, у растений из поколений Т2 и Т3 присутствовали зерновки с модифицированным типом эндосперма (полностью мучнистым, либо с вкраплениями стекловидного эндосперма, либо с тонким стекловидным слоем). Уровень перевариваемости белков зерна в потомстве мутантов 2С-2.1.1 № 13 и 2С-1.2.5a № 14 варьировал от 77 до 84 %, значимо превышая показатель исходного сорта (63.4 ± 2.3 %, p &lt; 0.05). Уровень перевариваемости белков из зерновок с модифицированным эндоспермом был выше, чем у зерновок с обычным стекловидным эндоспермом (84–93 %, p &lt; 0.05). Обсуждаются причины варьирования текстуры эндоспер ма у потомства полученных мутантов и ее связь с высокой перевариваемостью кафиринов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Site-directed mutagenesis using genetic constructs carrying the CRISPR/Cas system is an effective technology that is actively used to solve a variety of problems in plant genetics and breeding. One of these problems is to improve the nutritional value of grain sorghum, a high-yielding heat- and drought-tolerant cereal crop that is becoming increasingly important in the conditions of climate aridization. The main reason for the relatively low nutritional value of sorghum grain is the resistance of its storage proteins, kafirins, to proteolytic digestion. We have previously obtained mutants with improved kafirin in vitro digestibility using the CRISPR/Cas technology in grain sorghum variety Avance. The nucleotide sequence of one of the genes (k1C5) of the gene family encoding the signal polypeptide of 22 kDa α-kafirin was used as a target. The aim of this study was to investigate the manifestation of the main agronomically-important traits in the progeny of these mutants and inheritance of high in vitro protein digestibility, and also sequencing nucleotide sequences encoding the 22 kDa α-kafirin signal polypeptide in a number of plants from the T0 generation and their T1 progeny. It was revealed that four of the six studied T0 plants, as well as their progeny, had the same mutation: a T→C substitution in the 23rd position of the nucleotide sequence of the k1C5 gene encoding the signal polypeptide, which led to a substitution of the coding triplet CTC→CCC (Leu→Pro). This mutation is located off-target, 3’ from the PAM sequence. It is suggested that this mutation may have arisen as a result of Cas9 nuclease errors caused by the presence of multiple PAM sequences located close to each other. It was found that the progeny of two of the three studied mutants (T2 and T3 families), grown in the experimental field conditions, differed from the original variety by a reduced plant height (by 12.4–15.5 %). The peduncle length, 1,000-grain mass, and grain mass per panicle did not differ from the original variety, with the exception of the progeny of the 2C-1.2.5b mutant, which had a reduced grain yield per panicle. Unlike the original variety, plants from the T2 and T3 generations had kernels with a modified type of endosperm (completely floury, or floury with inclusions of vitreous endosperm, or with a thin vitreous layer). The level of grain protein digestibility in the progeny of mutants 2C-2.1.1 #13 and 2C-1.2.5a #14 varied from 77 to 84 %, significantly exceeding the original variety (63.4 ± 2.3 %, p &lt; 0.05). The level of protein digestibility from kernels with modified endosperm was higher than that of kernels with normal vitreous endosperm (84–93 %, p &lt; 0.05). The reasons for the variation in endosperm texture in the progeny of the mutants and its relationship with the high digestibility of kafirins are discussed.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Sorghum bicolor</kwd><kwd>CRISPR/Cas</kwd><kwd>альфа-кафирин</kwd><kwd>перевариваемость in vitro</kwd><kwd>эндосперм</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Sorghum bicolor</kwd><kwd>CRISPR/Cas</kwd><kwd>alfa-kafirins</kwd><kwd>in vitro protein digestibility</kwd><kwd>endosperm</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>The work was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Science Foundation, grant No. 24-16-00063</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The work was carried out with the financial support of the Russian Science Foundation, grant No. 24-16-00063</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aboubacar A., Axtell J.D., Huang C.P., Hamaker B.R. A rapid protein digestibility assay for identifying highly digestible sorghum lines. Cereal Chem. 2001;78:160-165. doi 10.1094/CCHEM.2001.78.2.160</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aboubacar A., Axtell J.D., Huang C.P., Hamaker B.R. A rapid protein digestibility assay for identifying highly digestible sorghum lines. Cereal Chem. 2001;78:160-165. doi 10.1094/CCHEM.2001.78.2.160</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Balakrishna D., Singode A., Narasimham D., Venkatesh Bhat B. Current status and future prospects of genetic transformation and gene editing in sorghum. In: Tonapi V.A., Talwar H.S., Are A.K. (Eds) Sorghum in the 21st Century: Food – Fodder – Feed – Fuel for a Rapidly Changing World. Singapore: Springer, 2020;511-535. doi 10.1007/978-981-15-8249-3_21</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Balakrishna D., Singode A., Narasimham D., Venkatesh Bhat B. Current status and future prospects of genetic transformation and gene editing in sorghum. In: Tonapi V.A., Talwar H.S., Are A.K. (Eds) Sorghum in the 21st Century: Food – Fodder – Feed – Fuel for a Rapidly Changing World. Singapore: Springer, 2020;511-535. doi 10.1007/978-981-15-8249-3_21</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bean S.R., Ioerger B.P., Wilson J.D., Tilley M., Rhodes D., Herald T.J. Structure and chemistry of sorghum grain. In: Rooney W. (Ed.) Achieving Sustainable Cultivation of Sorghum. Vol. 2. 2018. doi 10.19103/as.2017.0015.21</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bean S.R., Ioerger B.P., Wilson J.D., Tilley M., Rhodes D., Herald T.J. Structure and chemistry of sorghum grain. In: Rooney W. (Ed.) Achieving Sustainable Cultivation of Sorghum. Vol. 2. 2018. doi 10.19103/as.2017.0015.21</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Belton P.S., Delgadillo I., Halford N.G., Shewry P.R. Kafirin structure and functionality. J Cereal Sci. 2006;44:272-286. doi 10.1016/j.jcs.2006.05.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belton P.S., Delgadillo I., Halford N.G., Shewry P.R. Kafirin structure and functionality. J Cereal Sci. 2006;44:272-286. doi 10.1016/j.jcs.2006.05.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Mesa-Stonestreet N.J., Alavi S., Bean S.R. Sorghum proteins: the concentration, isolation,modification, and food applications of kafirins. J Food Sci. 2010;75:90-104. doi 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01623.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Mesa-Stonestreet N.J., Alavi S., Bean S.R. Sorghum proteins: the concentration, isolation,modification, and food applications of kafirins. J Food Sci. 2010;75:90-104. doi 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01623.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duressa D., Weerasoriya D., Bean S.R., Tilley M., Tesso T. Genetic basis of protein digestibility in grain sorghum. Crop Sci. 2018;58(6): 2183-2199. doi 10.2135/cropsci2018.01.0038</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duressa D., Weerasoriya D., Bean S.R., Tilley M., Tesso T. Genetic basis of protein digestibility in grain sorghum. Crop Sci. 2018;58(6): 2183-2199. doi 10.2135/cropsci2018.01.0038</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elkonin L.A., Italianskaya J.V., Fadeeva I.Yu., Bychkova V.V., Kozhemyakin V.V. In vitro protein digestibility in grain sorghum: effect of genotype and interaction with starch digestibility. Euphytica. 2013; 193:327-337. doi 10.1007/s10681-013-0920-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elkonin L.A., Italianskaya J.V., Fadeeva I.Yu., Bychkova V.V., Kozhemyakin V.V. In vitro protein digestibility in grain sorghum: effect of genotype and interaction with starch digestibility. Euphytica. 2013; 193:327-337. doi 10.1007/s10681-013-0920-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elkonin L.A., Panin V.M., Kenzhegulov O.A., Sarsenova S.Kh. RNAimutants of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench with improved digestibility of seed storage proteins. In: Jimenez-Lopez J.C. (Ed.) Grain and</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elkonin L.A., Panin V.M., Kenzhegulov O.A., Sarsenova S.Kh. RNAimutants of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench with improved digestibility of seed storage proteins. In: Jimenez-Lopez J.C. (Ed.) Grain and</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seed Proteins Functionality. London: Intech Open Ltd, 2021. doi 10.5772/intechopen.96204</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seed Proteins Functionality. London: Intech Open Ltd, 2021. doi 10.5772/intechopen.96204</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elkonin L.A., Gerashchenkov G.A., Borisenko N.V., Sarsenova S.Kh., Panin V.M. Development of sorghum mutants with improved in vitro protein digestibility by CRISPR/Cas9 editing of kafirin genes. The Crop J. 2023;11:1411-1418. doi 10.1016/j.cj.2023.02.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elkonin L.A., Gerashchenkov G.A., Borisenko N.V., Sarsenova S.Kh., Panin V.M. Development of sorghum mutants with improved in vitro protein digestibility by CRISPR/Cas9 editing of kafirin genes. The Crop J. 2023;11:1411-1418. doi 10.1016/j.cj.2023.02.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ezeogu L.I., Duodu K.G., Taylor J.R.N. Effects of endosperm texture and cooking conditions on the in vitro starch digestibility of sorghum and maize flours. J Cereal Sci. 2005;42:33-44. doi 10.1016/j.jcs.2005.02.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ezeogu L.I., Duodu K.G., Taylor J.R.N. Effects of endosperm texture and cooking conditions on the in vitro starch digestibility of sorghum and maize flours. J Cereal Sci. 2005;42:33-44. doi 10.1016/j.jcs.2005.02.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gao C. Genome engineering for crop improvement and future agriculture. Cell. 2021;184:1621-1635. doi 10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gao C. Genome engineering for crop improvement and future agriculture. Cell. 2021;184:1621-1635. doi 10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gerashchenkov G.A., Elkonin L.A., Gerashchenkov K.G., Rozhnova N.A., Hiekel S., Kumlehn J., Chemeris A.V. Binary vector construction for site-directed mutagenesis of kafirin genes in sorghum.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gerashchenkov G.A., Elkonin L.A., Gerashchenkov K.G., Rozhnova N.A., Hiekel S., Kumlehn J., Chemeris A.V. Binary vector construction for site-directed mutagenesis of kafirin genes in sorghum.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amer J Plant Sci. 2021;12:1276-1287. doi 10.4236/ajps.2021.128089</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amer J Plant Sci. 2021;12:1276-1287. doi 10.4236/ajps.2021.128089</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guo C., Ma X., Gao F., Guo Y. Off-target effects in CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2023;11:1143157. doi 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1143157</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guo C., Ma X., Gao F., Guo Y. Off-target effects in CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2023;11:1143157. doi 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1143157</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Impa S.M., Perumal R., Bean S.R., Sunoj V.S.J., Jagadish S.V.K. Water deficit and heat stress induced alterations in grain physicochemical characteristics and micronutrient composition in field grown grain sorghum. J Cereal Sci. 2019;86:124-131. doi 10.1016/j.jcs.2019.01.013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Impa S.M., Perumal R., Bean S.R., Sunoj V.S.J., Jagadish S.V.K. Water deficit and heat stress induced alterations in grain physicochemical characteristics and micronutrient composition in field grown grain sorghum. J Cereal Sci. 2019;86:124-131. doi 10.1016/j.jcs.2019.01.013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Laemmli U.K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature. 1970;227:680-685.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laemmli U.K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature. 1970;227:680-685.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li A., Jia S., Yobi A., Ge Z., Sato S., Zhang C., Angelovici R., Clemente T.E., Holding D.R. Editing of an alpha-kafirin gene family increases, digestibility and protein quality in sorghum. Plant Physiol. 2018;177:1425-1438. doi 10.1104/pp.18.00200</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li A., Jia S., Yobi A., Ge Z., Sato S., Zhang C., Angelovici R., Clemente T.E., Holding D.R. Editing of an alpha-kafirin gene family increases, digestibility and protein quality in sorghum. Plant Physiol. 2018;177:1425-1438. doi 10.1104/pp.18.00200</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li X., Liu W., Wang G., Sai-Ming Sun S., Yuan L., Wang J. Improving digestibility of sorghum proteins by CRISPR/Cas9‐based genome editing. Food Energy Secur. 2024;13:e506. doi 10.1002/fes3.506</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li X., Liu W., Wang G., Sai-Ming Sun S., Yuan L., Wang J. Improving digestibility of sorghum proteins by CRISPR/Cas9‐based genome editing. Food Energy Secur. 2024;13:e506. doi 10.1002/fes3.506</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Massel K., Lam Y., Hintzsche J., Lester N., Botella J.R., Godwin I.D. Endogenous U6 promoters improve CRISPR/Cas9 editing efficiencies in Sorghum bicolor and show potential for applications in other cereals. Plant Cell Rep. 2022;41:489-492. doi 10.1007/s00299-02102816-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Massel K., Lam Y., Hintzsche J., Lester N., Botella J.R., Godwin I.D. Endogenous U6 promoters improve CRISPR/Cas9 editing efficiencies in Sorghum bicolor and show potential for applications in other cereals. Plant Cell Rep. 2022;41:489-492. doi 10.1007/s00299-02102816-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Massel K., Hintzsche J., Restall J. CRISPR-knockout of β-kafirin in sorghum does not recapitulate the grain quality of natural mutants. Planta. 2023;257:8. doi 10.1007/s00425-022-04038-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Massel K., Hintzsche J., Restall J. CRISPR-knockout of β-kafirin in sorghum does not recapitulate the grain quality of natural mutants. Planta. 2023;257:8. doi 10.1007/s00425-022-04038-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Movahedi A., Aghaei-Dargiri S., Li H., Zhuge Q., Sun W. CRISPR variants for gene editing in plants: biosafety risks and future directions. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24:16241. doi 10.3390/ijms242216241</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Movahedi A., Aghaei-Dargiri S., Li H., Zhuge Q., Sun W. CRISPR variants for gene editing in plants: biosafety risks and future directions. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24:16241. doi 10.3390/ijms242216241</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nunes A., Correia I., Barros A., Delgadillo I. Sequential in vitro pepsin digestion of uncooked and cooked sorghum and maize samples. J Agric Food Chem. 2004;52:2052-2058. doi 10.1021/jf0348830</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nunes A., Correia I., Barros A., Delgadillo I. Sequential in vitro pepsin digestion of uncooked and cooked sorghum and maize samples. J Agric Food Chem. 2004;52:2052-2058. doi 10.1021/jf0348830</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Odipio J., Alicai T., Ingelbrecht I., Nusinow D.A., Bart R., Taylor N.J. Efficient CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing of Phytoene desaturase in Cassava. Front Plant Sci. 2017;8:1780. doi 10.3389/fpls.2017.01780</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Odipio J., Alicai T., Ingelbrecht I., Nusinow D.A., Bart R., Taylor N.J. Efficient CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing of Phytoene desaturase in Cassava. Front Plant Sci. 2017;8:1780. doi 10.3389/fpls.2017.01780</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parikh A., Brant E.J., Baloglu M.C. CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing in sorghum – recent progress, challenges and prospects. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol – Plant. 2021;57:720-730. doi 10.1007/s11627-021-10215-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parikh A., Brant E.J., Baloglu M.C. CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome editing in sorghum – recent progress, challenges and prospects. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol – Plant. 2021;57:720-730. doi 10.1007/s11627-021-10215-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saini H., Thakur R., Gill R., Tyagi K., Goswami M. CRISPR/Cas9-gene editing approaches in plant breeding. GM Crops &amp; Food. 2023;14: 1-17. doi 10.1080/21645698.2023.2256930</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saini H., Thakur R., Gill R., Tyagi K., Goswami M. CRISPR/Cas9-gene editing approaches in plant breeding. GM Crops &amp; Food. 2023;14: 1-17. doi 10.1080/21645698.2023.2256930</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sturme M.H.J., van der Berg J.P., Bouwman L.M.S., De Schrijver A., de Maagd R.A., Kleter G.A., Battaglia-de Wilde E. Occurrence and nature of off-target modifications by CRISPR-Cas genome editing in plants. ACS Agric Sci Technol. 2022;2:192-201. doi 10.1021/acsagscitech.1c00270</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sturme M.H.J., van der Berg J.P., Bouwman L.M.S., De Schrijver A., de Maagd R.A., Kleter G.A., Battaglia-de Wilde E. Occurrence and nature of off-target modifications by CRISPR-Cas genome editing in plants. ACS Agric Sci Technol. 2022;2:192-201. doi 10.1021/acsagscitech.1c00270</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wong A.C.S., Lam Y., Hintzsche J., Restall J., Godwin I.D. Genome editing towards sorghum improvement. In: Zhao K., Mishra R., Joshi R.K. (Eds) Genome Editing Technologies for Crop Improvement. Singapore: Springer Nature, 2022;295-321. doi 10.1007/978981-19-0600-8_14</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wong A.C.S., Lam Y., Hintzsche J., Restall J., Godwin I.D. Genome editing towards sorghum improvement. In: Zhao K., Mishra R., Joshi R.K. (Eds) Genome Editing Technologies for Crop Improvement. Singapore: Springer Nature, 2022;295-321. doi 10.1007/978981-19-0600-8_14</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wong J.H., Lau T., Cai N., Singh J., Pedersen J.F., Vensel W.H., Hurkman W.J., Wilson J.D., Lemaux P.G., Buchanan B.B. Digestibility of protein and starch from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is linked to biochemical and structural features of grain endosperm. J Cereal Sci. 2009;49:73-82. doi 10.1016/j.jcs.2008.07.013</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wong J.H., Lau T., Cai N., Singh J., Pedersen J.F., Vensel W.H., Hurkman W.J., Wilson J.D., Lemaux P.G., Buchanan B.B. Digestibility of protein and starch from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is linked to biochemical and structural features of grain endosperm. J Cereal Sci. 2009;49:73-82. doi 10.1016/j.jcs.2008.07.013</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wong J.H., Marx D.B., Jeff D., Wilson J.D., Buchanan B.B., Lemaux P.G., Pedersen J.F. Principal component analysis and biochemical characterization of protein and starch reveal primary targets for improving sorghum grain. Plant Science. 2010;179:598611. doi 10.1016/j.plantsci.2010.08.020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wong J.H., Marx D.B., Jeff D., Wilson J.D., Buchanan B.B., Lemaux P.G., Pedersen J.F. Principal component analysis and biochemical characterization of protein and starch reveal primary targets for improving sorghum grain. Plant Science. 2010;179:598611. doi 10.1016/j.plantsci.2010.08.020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang G., Hamaker B.R. Low α-amylase starch digestibility of cooked sorghum flours and the effect of protein. Cereal Chem. 1998;75: 710-713. doi 10.1094/CCHEM.1998.75.5.710</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang G., Hamaker B.R. Low α-amylase starch digestibility of cooked sorghum flours and the effect of protein. Cereal Chem. 1998;75: 710-713. doi 10.1094/CCHEM.1998.75.5.710</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhu H., Li C., Gao C. Applications of CRISPR-Cas in agriculture and plant biotechnology. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2020;21:661-677. doi 10.1038/s41580-020-00288-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhu H., Li C., Gao C. Applications of CRISPR-Cas in agriculture and plant biotechnology. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2020;21:661-677. doi 10.1038/s41580-020-00288-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
