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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/vjgb-25-140</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-4930</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ПРОБЛЕМЫ БИОТЕХНОЛОГИИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ISSUES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Решения проблем фолдинга белков для повышения эффективности дрожжевых биопродуцентов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Overcoming the problem of heterologous proteins folding to improve the efficiency of yeast bioproducers</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2119-541X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дорогова</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dorogova</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dorogova@bionet.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8257-4654</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Федорова</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fedorova</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>8</issue><fpage>1338</fpage><lpage>1347</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Дорогова Н.В., Федорова С.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дорогова Н.В., Федорова С.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dorogova N.V., Fedorova S.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4930">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4930</self-uri><abstract><p>За последние несколько десятилетий дрожжи стали наиболее эффективными биопродуцентами рекомбинантных белков с различными потребительскими свойствами. Это стало возможным благодаря их экономически выгодным характеристикам и успешному применению генно-инженерных технологий. Кроме того, дрожжи обладают консервативным для эукариотических организмов механизмом посттрансляционной модификации белков, который обеспечивает их корректный фолдинг, необходимый для дальнейшей секреции и функциональной активности. Однако аппарат фолдинга не всегда справляется с нагрузкой, вызванной сверхэкспрессией рекомбинантных генов, что приводит к накоплению неправильно свернутых белков, образованию агрегатов и низкой продуктивности дрожжевых штаммов. Таким образом, способность к фолдингу белков в эндоплазматическом ретикулуме по-прежнему остается одним из основных ограничений при синтезе рекомбинатных белков в дрожжевых клетках. Эти ограничения были в значительной степени преодолены благодаря многолетним эффективным исследованиям фундаментальных механизмов белкового фолдинга. Изучение фолдинга как у модельных организмов, так и у биопродуцентов позволило выявить молекулярные факторы и клеточные механизмы, определяющие формирование трехмерной функциональной структуры растущей пептидной цепи. Полученные знания легли в основу разработки новых эффективных методов конструирования высокопродуктивных штаммов дрожжей. В данном обзоре мы рассмотрели основные клеточные механизмы, связанные с фолдингом белков, такие как транспорт через эндоплазматический ретикулум, взаимодействие с шаперонами, окислительный фолдинг, гликозилирование и контроль качества белков. Мы обсудили эффективность применения этих знаний при разработке различных инженерных методов, направленных на преодоление узких мест в системе белкового фолдинга. В частности, подбор оптимальных сигнальных пептидов, коэкспрессия с шаперонами и фолдазами, модификация клеточных механизмов контроля качества белков, ингибирование протеолиза и некоторые другие приемы позволили повысить возможности использования дрожжей-продуцентов в качестве эффективной производительной платформы для экспрессии и секреции рекомбинантных белков.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In the last few decades, yeasts have been successfully engineered to be an excellent microbial cell factory for producing recombinant proteins with desired properties. This was due to their cost-effective characteristics and the successful application of genomic modification technologies. In addition, yeasts have a conserved post-translational modification pathway among eukaryotic organisms, which ensures the correct folding of recombinant proteins. However, the folding machinery cannot always cope with the load caused by the overexpression of recombinant genes, leading to the accumulation of misfolded proteins, the formation of aggregates and low production. Therefore, the protein-folding capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) remains one of the main limitations for heterologous protein production in yeast host organisms. However, thanks to many years of effective research of the fundamental mechanisms of protein folding, these limitations have been largely overcome. The study of folding in both model organisms and bioproducers has allowed to identify the molecular factors and cellular mechanisms that determine how a nascent polypeptide chain acquires its three-dimensional functional structure. This knowledge has become the basis for developing new effective techniques for engineering highly productive yeast strains. In this review, we examined the main cellular mechanisms associated with protein folding, such as ER transition, chaperone binding, oxidative folding, glycosylation, protein quality control. We discuss the effectiveness of applying this knowledge to the development of various engineering techniques aimed at overcoming bottlenecks in the protein folding system. In particular, selection of optimal signal peptides, coexpression with chaperones and foldases, modification of protein quality control, inhibition of proteolysis, and other techniques have allowed to enhance the ability of yeast bioproducers to effectively secrete heterologous proteins.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дрожжи-продуценты</kwd><kwd>фолдинг белков</kwd><kwd>эндоплазматический ретикулум</kwd><kwd>молекулярные  шапероны</kwd><kwd>рекомбинантные белки</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>yeast bioproducers</kwd><kwd>protein folding</kwd><kwd>endoplasmic reticulum</kwd><kwd>molecular chaperones</kwd><kwd>recombinant proteins</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>This study was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, project  No. FWNR-2025-0031.</funding-statement></funding-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>This study was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, project  No. FWNR-2025-0031.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aza P., Molpeceres G., de Salas F., Camarero S. 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