vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/vjgb-26-08vavilov-4986Research ArticleГЕНЕТИКА ЧЕЛОВЕКАHUMAN GENETICSТранскриптомика тяжелой формы COVID-19Transcriptomics of severe COVID-19https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9487-9471ГусароваА. А.GusarovaA. A.

Томск

Tomsk

anastasia.gusarova@medgenetics.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1311-7403ТрифоноваЕ. А.TrifonovaE. A.

Томск

Tomsk

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1193-5579БабовскаяА. А.BabovskayaA. A.

Томск

Tomsk

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9526-8581ГавриленкоМ. М.GavrilenkoM. M.

Томск

Tomsk

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5166-331XСтепановВ. А.StepanovV. A.

Томск

Tomsk

Научно-исследовательский институт медицинской генетики, Томский национальный исследовательский медицинский центр Российской академии наукРоссияResearch Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian Federation202605032026301101116Copyright © Гусарова А.А., Трифонова Е.А., Бабовская А.А., Гавриленко М.М., Степанов В.А., 20262026Гусарова А.А., Трифонова Е.А., Бабовская А.А., Гавриленко М.М., Степанов В.А.Gusarova A.A., Trifonova E.A., Babovskaya A.A., Gavrilenko M.M., Stepanov V.A.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/4986

В настоящее время выявление биомаркеров, позволяющих эффективно определить пациентов с риском развития тяжелой формы COVID-19, которая может привести к летальному исходу, считается важной задачей. Изучение патогенетических механизмов перехода умеренной формы в тяжелую с помощью анализа транскриптома крови обеспечивает идентификацию дифференциально экспрессирующихся генов  (ДЭГ), которые могут стать потенциальными прогностическими биомаркерами тяжести инфекции, а также новыми терапевтическими мишенями в борьбе с осложнениями COVID-19. В данном обзорном исследовании проведены поиск и анализ работ по изучению различий в экспрессии генов при применении подхода секвенирования РНК пула клеток крови (bulk RNA-seq) при сравнении умеренной и тяжелой степени коронавирусной инфекции. По результатам пяти работ были определены пять общих, наиболее значимых дифференциально экспрессирующихся генов (CD177, PPARG, PCOLCE2, SLC51A и ADAMTS2) и рассмотрена их предполагаемая роль в развитии тяжелой формы COVID-19. Проведен анализ функционального обогащения, который определил общие пути, в которые вовлечены гены, дифференциально экспрессирующиеся при тяжелой форме COVID-19, такие как активация процессов дегрануляции нейтрофилов, путей интерлейкинов, биосинтеза коллагена и подавление путей адаптивного и опосредованного NK-клетками иммунного ответа. Проанализированы также результаты секвенирования РНК единичных клеток (single-cell RNA-seq) в изучении умеренной и тяжелой форм, подтверждающие некоторые результаты bulk RNA-seq. В связи с низкой общностью данных в рассматриваемых работах один из разделов обзора посвящен анализу дизайнов выбранных исследований, включая инструменты анализа, сбор материала и критерии формирования сравниваемых групп. Транскриптомика тяжелой формы COVID-19 раскрывает как клеточные, так и молекулярные механизмы иммунного ответа, дисрегуляция которого может привести к развитию тяжелых проявлений. При этом другие омиксные технологии смогут дополнить пробелы в изучении особенностей тяжелой формы и раскрыть механизмы прогрессирования заболевания для разработки подходов профилактики и терапии COVID-19.

Currently, identifying biomarkers that can reliably predict the risk of developing severe COVID-19, potentially leading to fatal outcomes, remains a critical challenge. Studying the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the progression from moderate to severe disease through blood transcriptome analysis enables the identification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which may serve as potential prognostic biomarkers of disease severity and as novel therapeutic targets for managing COVID-19 complications. In this review, we have summarized and analyzed studies that compared gene expression profiles between moderate and severe COVID-19 cases using bulk RNA sequencing of blood cell samples. Based on the results of five studies, five commonly and significantly differentially expressed genes were identified (CD177, PPARG, PCOLCE2, SLC51A and ADAMTS2), and their potential roles in the progression to severe COVID-19 are discussed. Functional enrichment analysis was performed, and shared pathways associated with severe COVID-19 were identified, including neutrophil degranulation, interleukin signaling, collagen biosynthesis, and suppression of adaptive and NK cell-mediated immune responses. Additionally, single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) studies were reviewed, comparing moderate and severe cases, supporting some of the bulk RNA-seq findings. Due to the limited overlap of data in the reviewed articles, one section of this review focuses on the study designs, including analytical tools, sample collection protocols, and criteria used to define comparison groups. Transcriptomic analysis of the COVID-19 severe form reveals both cellular and molecular mechanisms of the immune response, the dysregulation of which can lead to the development of severe manifestations. RNA-markers seem to be promising predictors of the severity of COVID-19. At the same time, other omics technologies can fill in the gaps in understanding the characteristics of severe COVID-19 and identify mechanisms of disease progression to develop approaches for COVID-19 prevention and treatment.

тяжелая форма COVID-19секвенирование РНКтранскриптомикаbulk RNA-seqsingle-cell RNA-seqдифференциально экспрессирующиеся геныsevere COVID-19RNA sequencingtranscriptomicsbulk RNA-seqsingle-cell RNA-seqdifferentially expressed genesThe research was carried out at the expense of the State assignment (fundamental scientific research No. 122020200083-8).ReferencesAbakushina E.V., Kuzmina E.G., Kovalenko E.I. The main characteristics of human natural killer cells. Immunologiya = Immunology. 2012;33(4):220-224 (in Russian)Abakushina E.V., Kuzmina E.G., Kovalenko E.I. The main characteristics of human natural killer cells. Immunologiya = Immunology. 2012;33(4):220-224 (in Russian)Ahn J.Y., Park S., Yun Y.S., Song J.Y. Inhibition of type III TGF-β receptor aggravates lung fibrotic process. Biomed Pharmacother. 2010;64(7):472-476. doi 10.1016/j.biopha.2010.01.006Ahn J.Y., Park S., Yun Y.S., Song J.Y. Inhibition of type III TGF-β receptor aggravates lung fibrotic process. Biomed Pharmacother. 2010;64(7):472-476. doi 10.1016/j.biopha.2010.01.006Alam M.S., Czajkowsky D.M. SARS-CoV-2 infection and oxidative stress: pathophysiological insight into thrombosis and therapeutic opportunities. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2022;63:44-57. doi 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.11.001Alam M.S., Czajkowsky D.M. SARS-CoV-2 infection and oxidative stress: pathophysiological insight into thrombosis and therapeutic opportunities. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2022;63:44-57. doi 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.11.001Alqutami F., Senok A., Hachim M. COVID-19 transcriptomic atlas: a comprehensive analysis of COVID-19 related transcriptomics datasets. Front Genet. 2021;12:755222. doi 10.3389/fgene.2021.755222Alqutami F., Senok A., Hachim M. COVID-19 transcriptomic atlas: a comprehensive analysis of COVID-19 related transcriptomics datasets. Front Genet. 2021;12:755222. doi 10.3389/fgene.2021.755222Armignacco R., Carlier N., Jouinot A., Birtolo M.F., de Murat D., Tubach F., Hausfater P., … Beurton A., Goulet H., Manivet P., Bertherat J., Assié G.; COVIDeF group. Whole blood transcriptome signature predicts severe forms of COVID-19: results from the COVIDeF cohort study. Funct Integr Genomics. 2024;24(3):107. doi 10.1007/s10142-024-01359-2Armignacco R., Carlier N., Jouinot A., Birtolo M.F., de Murat D., Tubach F., Hausfater P., … Beurton A., Goulet H., Manivet P., Bertherat J., Assié G.; COVIDeF group. Whole blood transcriptome signature predicts severe forms of COVID-19: results from the COVIDeF cohort study. Funct Integr Genomics. 2024;24(3):107. doi 10.1007/s10142-024-01359-2Arunachalam P.S., Wimmers F., Mok C.K.P., Perera R.A.P.M., Scott M., Hagan T., Sigal N., … Maecker H.T., Khatri P., Rouphael N., Peiris M., Pulendran B. Systems biological assessment of immunity to mild versus severe COVID-19 infection in humans. Science. 2020; 369(6508):1210-1220. doi 10.1126/science.abc6261Arunachalam P.S., Wimmers F., Mok C.K.P., Perera R.A.P.M., Scott M., Hagan T., Sigal N., … Maecker H.T., Khatri P., Rouphael N., Peiris M., Pulendran B. Systems biological assessment of immunity to mild versus severe COVID-19 infection in humans. Science. 2020; 369(6508):1210-1220. doi 10.1126/science.abc6261Aschenbrenner A.C., Mouktaroudi M., Krämer B., Oestreich M., Antonakos N., Nuesch-Germano M., Gkizeli K., … Nattermann J., Koutsoukou A., Giamarellos-Bourboulis E.J., Ulas T. German COVID-19 Omics Initiative (DeCOI). Disease severity-specific neutrophil signatures in blood transcriptomes stratify COVID-19 patients. Genome Med. 2021;13(1):7. doi 10.1186/s13073-020-00823-5Aschenbrenner A.C., Mouktaroudi M., Krämer B., Oestreich M., Antonakos N., Nuesch-Germano M., Gkizeli K., … Nattermann J., Koutsoukou A., Giamarellos-Bourboulis E.J., Ulas T. German COVID-19 Omics Initiative (DeCOI). Disease severity-specific neutrophil signatures in blood transcriptomes stratify COVID-19 patients. Genome Med. 2021;13(1):7. doi 10.1186/s13073-020-00823-5Auwul M.R., Rahman M.R., Gov E., Shahjaman M., Moni M.A. Bioinformatics and machine learning approach identifies potential drug targets and pathways in COVID-19. Brief Bioinform. 2021;22(5): bbab120. doi 10.1093/bib/bbab120Auwul M.R., Rahman M.R., Gov E., Shahjaman M., Moni M.A. Bioinformatics and machine learning approach identifies potential drug targets and pathways in COVID-19. Brief Bioinform. 2021;22(5): bbab120. doi 10.1093/bib/bbab120Baghela A., An A., Zhang P., Acton E., Gauthier J., Brunet-Ratnasingham E., Blimkie T., Freue G.C., Kaufmann D., Lee A.H.Y., Levesque R.C., Hancock R.E.W. Predicting severity in COVID-19 disease using sepsis blood gene expression signatures. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):1247. doi 10.1038/s41598-023-28259-yBaghela A., An A., Zhang P., Acton E., Gauthier J., Brunet-Ratnasingham E., Blimkie T., Freue G.C., Kaufmann D., Lee A.H.Y., Levesque R.C., Hancock R.E.W. Predicting severity in COVID-19 disease using sepsis blood gene expression signatures. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):1247. doi 10.1038/s41598-023-28259-yBando S.Y., Bertonha F.B., Vieira S.E., de Oliveira D.B.L., Chalup V.N., Durigon E.L., Palmeira P., … Antonangelo L., Lauterbach G.D.P., Regalio F.A., Cesar R.M., Jr, Moreira-Filho C.A. Blood leukocyte transcriptional modules and differentially expressed genes associated with disease severity and age in COVID-19 patients. Sci Rep. 2023; 13(1):898. doi 10.1038/s41598-023-28227-6Bando S.Y., Bertonha F.B., Vieira S.E., de Oliveira D.B.L., Chalup V.N., Durigon E.L., Palmeira P., … Antonangelo L., Lauterbach G.D.P., Regalio F.A., Cesar R.M., Jr, Moreira-Filho C.A. Blood leukocyte transcriptional modules and differentially expressed genes associated with disease severity and age in COVID-19 patients. Sci Rep. 2023; 13(1):898. doi 10.1038/s41598-023-28227-6Barnes B.J., Adrover J.M., Baxter-Stoltzfus A., Borczuk A., Cools-Lartigue J., Crawford J.M., Daßler-Plenker J., Guerci P., Huynh C., Knight J.S. Targeting potential drivers of COVID-19: neutrophil extracellular traps. J Exp Med. 2020;217:e20200652. doi 10.1084/jem.20200652Barnes B.J., Adrover J.M., Baxter-Stoltzfus A., Borczuk A., Cools-Lartigue J., Crawford J.M., Daßler-Plenker J., Guerci P., Huynh C., Knight J.S. Targeting potential drivers of COVID-19: neutrophil extracellular traps. J Exp Med. 2020;217:e20200652. doi 10.1084/jem.20200652Berlin D.A., Gulick R.M., Martinez F.J. Severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(25):2451-2460. doi 10.1056/NEJMcp2009575Berlin D.A., Gulick R.M., Martinez F.J. Severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(25):2451-2460. doi 10.1056/NEJMcp2009575Blanco-Melo D., Nilsson-Payant B.E., Liu W.C., Uhl S., Hoagland D., Møller R., Jordan T.X., … Wang T.T., Schwartz R.E., Lim J.K., Albrecht R.A., ten Oever B.R. Imbalanced host response to SARSCoV-2 drives development of COVID-19. Cell. 2020;181(5):1036-1045.e9. doi 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.026Blanco-Melo D., Nilsson-Payant B.E., Liu W.C., Uhl S., Hoagland D., Møller R., Jordan T.X., … Wang T.T., Schwartz R.E., Lim J.K., Albrecht R.A., ten Oever B.R. Imbalanced host response to SARSCoV-2 drives development of COVID-19. Cell. 2020;181(5):1036-1045.e9. doi 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.026Bolevich S.B., Bolevich S.S. Complex mechanism of COVID-19 development. Sechenov Med J. 2020;11(2):50-61. doi 10.47093/2218-7332.2020.11.2.50-61 (in Russian)Bolevich S.B., Bolevich S.S. Complex mechanism of COVID-19 development. Sechenov Med J. 2020;11(2):50-61. doi 10.47093/2218-7332.2020.11.2.50-61 (in Russian)Charlson M.E., Pompei P., Ales K.L., MacKenzie C.R. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chron Dis. 1987;40(5):373-383. doi 10.1016/0021-9681(87)90171-8Charlson M.E., Pompei P., Ales K.L., MacKenzie C.R. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chron Dis. 1987;40(5):373-383. doi 10.1016/0021-9681(87)90171-8Chaussabel D., Pascual V., Banchereau J. Assessing the human immune system through blood transcriptomics. BMC Biol. 2010;8:84. doi 10.1186/1741-7007-8-84Chaussabel D., Pascual V., Banchereau J. Assessing the human immune system through blood transcriptomics. BMC Biol. 2010;8:84. doi 10.1186/1741-7007-8-84Che Y., Jiang D., Zhang Y., Zhang J., Xu T., Sun Y., Fan J., … Ding J., Hu C., Huang Y., Zhang J., Yang K. Elevated ubiquitination contributes to protective immunity against severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin Transl Med. 2022;12(12):e1103. doi 10.1002/ctm2.1103Che Y., Jiang D., Zhang Y., Zhang J., Xu T., Sun Y., Fan J., … Ding J., Hu C., Huang Y., Zhang J., Yang K. Elevated ubiquitination contributes to protective immunity against severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clin Transl Med. 2022;12(12):e1103. doi 10.1002/ctm2.1103Chen C.H., Lin S.W., Shen C.F., Hsieh K.S., Cheng C.M. Biomarkers during COVID-19: mechanisms of change and implications for patient outcomes. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022;12(2):509. doi 10.3390/diagnostics12020509Chen C.H., Lin S.W., Shen C.F., Hsieh K.S., Cheng C.M. Biomarkers during COVID-19: mechanisms of change and implications for patient outcomes. Diagnostics (Basel). 2022;12(2):509. doi 10.3390/diagnostics12020509Chu W., Li X., Li C., Wan L., Shi H., Song X., Liu X., Chen X., Zhang C., Shan H., Lu Y., Yang B. TGFBR3, a potential negative regulator of TGF-β signaling, protects cardiac fibroblasts from hypoxia-induced apoptosis. J Cell Physiol. 2011;226(10):2586-2594. doi 10.1002/jcp.22604Chu W., Li X., Li C., Wan L., Shi H., Song X., Liu X., Chen X., Zhang C., Shan H., Lu Y., Yang B. TGFBR3, a potential negative regulator of TGF-β signaling, protects cardiac fibroblasts from hypoxia-induced apoptosis. J Cell Physiol. 2011;226(10):2586-2594. doi 10.1002/jcp.22604Chua R.L., Lukassen S., Trump S., Hennig B.P., Wendisch D., Pott F., Debnath O., … Laudi S., Lehmann I., Conrad C., Sander L.E., Eils R. COVID-19 severity correlates with airway epithelium-immune cell interactions identified by single-cell analysis. Nat Biotechnol. 2020; 38(8):970-979. doi 10.1038/s41587-020-0602-4Chua R.L., Lukassen S., Trump S., Hennig B.P., Wendisch D., Pott F., Debnath O., … Laudi S., Lehmann I., Conrad C., Sander L.E., Eils R. COVID-19 severity correlates with airway epithelium-immune cell interactions identified by single-cell analysis. Nat Biotechnol. 2020; 38(8):970-979. doi 10.1038/s41587-020-0602-4COvid-19 Multi-omics Blood ATlas (COMBAT) Consortium. A blood atlas of COVID-19 defines hallmarks of disease severity and specificity. Cell. 2022;185(5):916-938.e58. doi 10.1016/j.cell.2022.01.012COvid-19 Multi-omics Blood ATlas (COMBAT) Consortium. A blood atlas of COVID-19 defines hallmarks of disease severity and specificity. Cell. 2022;185(5):916-938.e58. doi 10.1016/j.cell.2022.01.012Delorey T.M., Ziegler C.G.K., Heimberg G., Normand R., Yang Y., Segerstolpe Å., Abbondanza D., … Li B., Shalek A.K., Villani A.C., Rozenblatt-Rosen O., Regev A. COVID-19 tissue atlases reveal SARS-CoV-2 pathology and cellular targets. Nature. 2021;595(7865): 107-113. doi 10.1038/s41586-021-03570-8Delorey T.M., Ziegler C.G.K., Heimberg G., Normand R., Yang Y., Segerstolpe Å., Abbondanza D., … Li B., Shalek A.K., Villani A.C., Rozenblatt-Rosen O., Regev A. COVID-19 tissue atlases reveal SARS-CoV-2 pathology and cellular targets. Nature. 2021;595(7865): 107-113. doi 10.1038/s41586-021-03570-8Deng Z., Fan T., Xiao C., Tian H., Zheng Y., Li C., He J. TGF-β signaling in health, disease, and therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024;9(1):61. doi 10.1038/s41392-024-01764-wDeng Z., Fan T., Xiao C., Tian H., Zheng Y., Li C., He J. TGF-β signaling in health, disease, and therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024;9(1):61. doi 10.1038/s41392-024-01764-wDerakhshani A., Hemmat N., Asadzadeh Z., Ghaseminia M., Shadbad M.A., Jadideslam G., Silvestris N., Racanelli V., Baradaran B. Arginase 1 (Arg1) as an up-regulated gene in COVID-19 patients: a promising marker in COVID-19 immunopathy. J Clin Med. 2021; 10(5):1051. doi 10.3390/jcm10051051Derakhshani A., Hemmat N., Asadzadeh Z., Ghaseminia M., Shadbad M.A., Jadideslam G., Silvestris N., Racanelli V., Baradaran B. Arginase 1 (Arg1) as an up-regulated gene in COVID-19 patients: a promising marker in COVID-19 immunopathy. J Clin Med. 2021; 10(5):1051. doi 10.3390/jcm10051051de Seabra Rodrigues Dias I.R., Cao Z., Kwok H.F. Adamalysins in COVID-19 – potential mechanisms behind exacerbating the disease. Biomed Pharmacother. 2022;150:112970. doi 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112970de Seabra Rodrigues Dias I.R., Cao Z., Kwok H.F. Adamalysins in COVID-19 – potential mechanisms behind exacerbating the disease. Biomed Pharmacother. 2022;150:112970. doi 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112970Desterke C., Turhan A.G., Bennaceur-Griscelli A., Griscelli F. PPARγ cistrome repression during activation of lung monocyte-macrophages in severe COVID-19. iScience. 2020;23(10):101611. doi 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101611Desterke C., Turhan A.G., Bennaceur-Griscelli A., Griscelli F. PPARγ cistrome repression during activation of lung monocyte-macrophages in severe COVID-19. iScience. 2020;23(10):101611. doi 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101611Eldien H.M.S., Almaeen A.H., El Fath A.A., Taha A.E., Ahmed R., Elfadil H., Hetta H.F. Unlocking the potential of RNA sequencing in COVID-19: toward accurate diagnosis and personalized medicine. Diagnostics (Basel). 2025;15(2):229. doi 10.3390/diagnostics15020229Eldien H.M.S., Almaeen A.H., El Fath A.A., Taha A.E., Ahmed R., Elfadil H., Hetta H.F. Unlocking the potential of RNA sequencing in COVID-19: toward accurate diagnosis and personalized medicine. Diagnostics (Basel). 2025;15(2):229. doi 10.3390/diagnostics15020229Ershov A.V., Surova V.D., Dolgikh V.T., Dolgikh T.I. Cytokine storm in the novel coronavirus infection and methods of its correction. Antibiotiki i Khimioterapiya = Antibiotics and Chemotherapy. 2020; 65(11-12):27-37. doi 10.37489/0235-2990-2020-65-11-12-27-37 (in Russian)Ershov A.V., Surova V.D., Dolgikh V.T., Dolgikh T.I. Cytokine storm in the novel coronavirus infection and methods of its correction. Antibiotiki i Khimioterapiya = Antibiotics and Chemotherapy. 2020; 65(11-12):27-37. doi 10.37489/0235-2990-2020-65-11-12-27-37 (in Russian)Fabregat A., Sidiropoulos K., Viteri G., Forner O., Marin-Garcia P., Arnau V., D’Eustachio P., Stein L., Hermjakob H. Reactome pathway analysis: a high-performance in-memory approach. BMC Bioinformatics. 2017;18(1):142. doi 10.1186/s12859-017-1559-2Fabregat A., Sidiropoulos K., Viteri G., Forner O., Marin-Garcia P., Arnau V., D’Eustachio P., Stein L., Hermjakob H. Reactome pathway analysis: a high-performance in-memory approach. BMC Bioinformatics. 2017;18(1):142. doi 10.1186/s12859-017-1559-2Fang C., Ma Y. Peripheral blood genes crosstalk between COVID-19 and sepsis. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(3):2591. doi 10.3390/ijms24032591Fang C., Ma Y. Peripheral blood genes crosstalk between COVID-19 and sepsis. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(3):2591. doi 10.3390/ijms24032591Ferreira-Gomes M., Kruglov A., Durek P., Heinrich F., Tizian C., Heinz G.A., Pascual-Reguant A., … Radbruch H., Witkowski M., Melchers F., Radbruch A., Mashreghi M.F. SARS-CoV-2 in severe COVID-19 induces a TGF-β-dominated chronic immune response that does not target itself. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):1961. doi 10.1038/s41467-021-22210-3Ferreira-Gomes M., Kruglov A., Durek P., Heinrich F., Tizian C., Heinz G.A., Pascual-Reguant A., … Radbruch H., Witkowski M., Melchers F., Radbruch A., Mashreghi M.F. SARS-CoV-2 in severe COVID-19 induces a TGF-β-dominated chronic immune response that does not target itself. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):1961. doi 10.1038/s41467-021-22210-3Filbin M.R., Mehta A., Schneider A.M., Kays K.R., Guess J.R., Gentili M., Fenyves B.G., … Parry B.A., Villani A.C., Sade-Feldman M., Hacohen N., Goldberg M.B. Longitudinal proteomic analysis of severe COVID-19 reveals survival-associated signatures, tissue-specific cell death, and cell-cell interactions. Cell Rep Med. 2021;2(5): 100287. doi 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100287Filbin M.R., Mehta A., Schneider A.M., Kays K.R., Guess J.R., Gentili M., Fenyves B.G., … Parry B.A., Villani A.C., Sade-Feldman M., Hacohen N., Goldberg M.B. Longitudinal proteomic analysis of severe COVID-19 reveals survival-associated signatures, tissue-specific cell death, and cell-cell interactions. Cell Rep Med. 2021;2(5): 100287. doi 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100287Gadotti A.C., Lipinski A.L., Vasconcellos F.T., Marqueze L.F., Cunha E.B., Campos A.C., Oliveira C.F., Amaral A.N., Baena C.P., Telles J.P., Tuon F.F., Pinho R.A. Susceptibility of the patients infected with Sars-Cov2 to oxidative stress and possible interplay with severity of the disease. Free Radic Biol Med. 2021;165:184-190. doi 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.044Gadotti A.C., Lipinski A.L., Vasconcellos F.T., Marqueze L.F., Cunha E.B., Campos A.C., Oliveira C.F., Amaral A.N., Baena C.P., Telles J.P., Tuon F.F., Pinho R.A. Susceptibility of the patients infected with Sars-Cov2 to oxidative stress and possible interplay with severity of the disease. Free Radic Biol Med. 2021;165:184-190. doi 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.044Guo C., Li B., Ma H., Wang X., Cai P., Yu Q., Zhu L., … Weng J., Wei H., Jin T., Lin J., Qu K. Single-cell analysis of two severe COVID-19 patients reveals a monocyte-associated and tocilizumab-responding cytokine storm. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):3924. doi 10.1038/s41467-020-17834-wGuo C., Li B., Ma H., Wang X., Cai P., Yu Q., Zhu L., … Weng J., Wei H., Jin T., Lin J., Qu K. Single-cell analysis of two severe COVID-19 patients reveals a monocyte-associated and tocilizumab-responding cytokine storm. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):3924. doi 10.1038/s41467-020-17834-wHadjadj J., Yatim N., Barnabei L., Corneau A., Boussier J., Smith N., Péré H., … Fischer A., Duffy D., Rieux-Laucat F., Kernéis S., Terrier B. Impaired type I interferon activity and inflammatory responses in severe COVID-19 patients. Science. 2020;369(6504):718-724. doi 10.1126/science.abc6027Hadjadj J., Yatim N., Barnabei L., Corneau A., Boussier J., Smith N., Péré H., … Fischer A., Duffy D., Rieux-Laucat F., Kernéis S., Terrier B. Impaired type I interferon activity and inflammatory responses in severe COVID-19 patients. Science. 2020;369(6504):718-724. doi 10.1126/science.abc6027Hadzega D., Babisova K., Hyblova M., Janostiakova N., Sabaka P., Janega P., Minarik G. Analysis of transcriptomics data from COVID-19 patients: a pilot research. Folia Microbiol (Praha). 2024; 69(1):155-164. doi 10.1007/s12223-024-01130-xHadzega D., Babisova K., Hyblova M., Janostiakova N., Sabaka P., Janega P., Minarik G. Analysis of transcriptomics data from COVID-19 patients: a pilot research. Folia Microbiol (Praha). 2024; 69(1):155-164. doi 10.1007/s12223-024-01130-xHasankhani A., Bahrami A., Tavakoli-Far B., Iranshahi S., Ghaemi F., Akbarizadeh M.R., Amin A.H., Abedi Kiasari B., Mohammadzadeh Shabestari A. Corrigendum: the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in the modulation of hyperinflammation induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection: a perspective for COVID-19 therapy. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1422261. doi 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1422261Hasankhani A., Bahrami A., Tavakoli-Far B., Iranshahi S., Ghaemi F., Akbarizadeh M.R., Amin A.H., Abedi Kiasari B., Mohammadzadeh Shabestari A. Corrigendum: the role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in the modulation of hyperinflammation induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection: a perspective for COVID-19 therapy. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1422261. doi 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1422261Hegenbarth J.C., Lezzoche G., De Windt L.J., Stoll M. Perspectives on bulk-tissue RNA sequencing and single-cell RNA sequencing for cardiac transcriptomics. Front Mol Med. 2022;2:839338. doi 10.3389/fmmed.2022.839338Hegenbarth J.C., Lezzoche G., De Windt L.J., Stoll M. Perspectives on bulk-tissue RNA sequencing and single-cell RNA sequencing for cardiac transcriptomics. Front Mol Med. 2022;2:839338. doi 10.3389/fmmed.2022.839338Huang C., Wang Y., Li X., Ren L., Zhao J., Hu Y., Zhang L., … Jiang R., Gao Z., Jin Q., Wang J., Cao B. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. doi 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5Huang C., Wang Y., Li X., Ren L., Zhao J., Hu Y., Zhang L., … Jiang R., Gao Z., Jin Q., Wang J., Cao B. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. doi 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5Huang W., Wang D., Yao Y.F. Understanding the pathogenesis of infectious diseases by single-cell RNA sequencing. Microb Cell. 2021; 8(9):208-222. doi 10.15698/mic2021.09.759Huang W., Wang D., Yao Y.F. Understanding the pathogenesis of infectious diseases by single-cell RNA sequencing. Microb Cell. 2021; 8(9):208-222. doi 10.15698/mic2021.09.759Hughes T.D., Subramanian A., Chakraborty R., Cotton S.A., Del Pilar Giraldo Herrera M., Huang Y., Lambert N., Pinto M.D., Rahmani A.M., Sierra C.J., Downs C.A. The effect of SARS-CoV-2 variant on respiratory features and mortality. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1): 4503. doi 10.1038/s41598-023-31761-yHughes T.D., Subramanian A., Chakraborty R., Cotton S.A., Del Pilar Giraldo Herrera M., Huang Y., Lambert N., Pinto M.D., Rahmani A.M., Sierra C.J., Downs C.A. The effect of SARS-CoV-2 variant on respiratory features and mortality. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1): 4503. doi 10.1038/s41598-023-31761-yJackson H., Rivero Calle I., Broderick C., Habgood-Coote D., D’Souza G., Nichols S., Vito O., … Levin M., Martinon-Torres F., Kaforou M.; PERFORM consortium; GEN-COVID (www.gen-covid.eu) study group. Characterisation of the blood RNA host response underpinning severity in COVID-19 patients. Sci Rep. 2022; 12(1):12216. doi 10.1038/s41598-022-15547-2Jackson H., Rivero Calle I., Broderick C., Habgood-Coote D., D’Souza G., Nichols S., Vito O., … Levin M., Martinon-Torres F., Kaforou M.; PERFORM consortium; GEN-COVID (www.gen-covid.eu) study group. Characterisation of the blood RNA host response underpinning severity in COVID-19 patients. Sci Rep. 2022; 12(1):12216. doi 10.1038/s41598-022-15547-2Jansen J., Reimer K.C., Nagai J.S., Varghese F.S., Overheul G.J., de Beer M., Roverts R., … COVID Moonshot consortium; van Rij R.P., Costa I.G., Schneider R.K., Smeets B., Kramann R. SARS-CoV-2 infects the human kidney and drives fibrosis in kidney organoids. Cell Stem Cell. 2022;29(2):217-231.e8. doi 10.1016/j.stem.2021.12.010Jansen J., Reimer K.C., Nagai J.S., Varghese F.S., Overheul G.J., de Beer M., Roverts R., … COVID Moonshot consortium; van Rij R.P., Costa I.G., Schneider R.K., Smeets B., Kramann R. SARS-CoV-2 infects the human kidney and drives fibrosis in kidney organoids. Cell Stem Cell. 2022;29(2):217-231.e8. doi 10.1016/j.stem.2021.12.010Jeong K., Kim Y., Jeon J., Kim K. Subtyping of COVID-19 samples based on cell-cell interaction in single cell transcriptomes. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):19629. doi 10.1038/s41598-023-46350-2Jeong K., Kim Y., Jeon J., Kim K. Subtyping of COVID-19 samples based on cell-cell interaction in single cell transcriptomes. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):19629. doi 10.1038/s41598-023-46350-2Jovic D., Liang X., Zeng H., Lin L., Xu F., Luo Y. Single-cell RNA sequencing technologies and applications: a brief overview. Clin Transl Med. 2022;12(3):e694. doi 10.1002/ctm2.694Jovic D., Liang X., Zeng H., Lin L., Xu F., Luo Y. Single-cell RNA sequencing technologies and applications: a brief overview. Clin Transl Med. 2022;12(3):e694. doi 10.1002/ctm2.694Karu N., Kindt A., van Gammeren A.J., Ermens A.A.M., Harms A.C., Portengen L., Vermeulen R.C.H., Dik W.A., Langerak A.W., van der Velden V.H.J., Hankemeier T. Severe COVID-19 is characterised by perturbations in plasma amines correlated with immune response markers, and linked to inflammation and oxidative stress. Metabolites. 2022;12(7):618. doi 10.3390/metabo12070618Karu N., Kindt A., van Gammeren A.J., Ermens A.A.M., Harms A.C., Portengen L., Vermeulen R.C.H., Dik W.A., Langerak A.W., van der Velden V.H.J., Hankemeier T. Severe COVID-19 is characterised by perturbations in plasma amines correlated with immune response markers, and linked to inflammation and oxidative stress. Metabolites. 2022;12(7):618. doi 10.3390/metabo12070618Kesika P., Thangaleela S., Sisubalan N., Radha A., Sivamaruthi B.S., Chaiyasut C. The role of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Pathogens. 2024;13(2):164. doi 10.3390/pathogens13020164Kesika P., Thangaleela S., Sisubalan N., Radha A., Sivamaruthi B.S., Chaiyasut C. The role of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Pathogens. 2024;13(2):164. doi 10.3390/pathogens13020164Khan A., Mathelier A. Intervene: a tool for intersection and visualization of multiple gene or genomic region sets. BMC Bioinformatics. 2017;18(1):287. doi 10.1186/s12859-017-1708-7Khan A., Mathelier A. Intervene: a tool for intersection and visualization of multiple gene or genomic region sets. BMC Bioinformatics. 2017;18(1):287. doi 10.1186/s12859-017-1708-7Krämer B., Knoll R., Bonaguro L., ToVinh M., Raabe J., Astaburuaga-García R., Schulte-Schrepping J., … Sawitzki B.; Deutsche COVID-19 OMICS Initiative (DeCOI); Aschenbrenner A.C., Schultze J.L., Nattermann J. Early IFN-α signatures and persistent dysfunction are distinguishing features of NK cells in severe COVID-19. Immunity. 2021;54(11):2650-2669.e14. doi 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.09.002Krämer B., Knoll R., Bonaguro L., ToVinh M., Raabe J., Astaburuaga-García R., Schulte-Schrepping J., … Sawitzki B.; Deutsche COVID-19 OMICS Initiative (DeCOI); Aschenbrenner A.C., Schultze J.L., Nattermann J. Early IFN-α signatures and persistent dysfunction are distinguishing features of NK cells in severe COVID-19. Immunity. 2021;54(11):2650-2669.e14. doi 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.09.002Labarrere C.A., Kassab G.S. Glutathione deficiency in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its effects upon the host immune response in severe COVID-19 disease. Front Microbiol. 2022;13: 979719. doi 10.3389/fmicb.2022.979719Labarrere C.A., Kassab G.S. Glutathione deficiency in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its effects upon the host immune response in severe COVID-19 disease. Front Microbiol. 2022;13: 979719. doi 10.3389/fmicb.2022.979719Laine L., Skön M., Väisänen E., Julkunen I., Österlund P. SARS-CoV-2 variants Alpha, Beta, Delta and Omicron show a slower host cell interferon response compared to an early pandemic variant. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1016108. doi 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1016108Laine L., Skön M., Väisänen E., Julkunen I., Österlund P. SARS-CoV-2 variants Alpha, Beta, Delta and Omicron show a slower host cell interferon response compared to an early pandemic variant. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1016108. doi 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1016108Lee H.J., Georgiadou A., Walther M., Nwakanma D., Stewart L.B., Levin M., Otto T.D., Conway D.J., Coin L.J., Cunnington A.J. Integrated pathogen load and dual transcriptome analysis of systemic host-pathogen interactions in severe malaria. Sci Transl Med. 2018; 10(447):eaar3619. doi 10.1126/scitranslmed.aar3619Lee H.J., Georgiadou A., Walther M., Nwakanma D., Stewart L.B., Levin M., Otto T.D., Conway D.J., Coin L.J., Cunnington A.J. Integrated pathogen load and dual transcriptome analysis of systemic host-pathogen interactions in severe malaria. Sci Transl Med. 2018; 10(447):eaar3619. doi 10.1126/scitranslmed.aar3619Lee J.S., Park S., Jeong H.W., Ahn J.Y., Choi S.J., Lee H., Choi B., … Park S.H., Choi J.Y., Kim S.H., Jung I., Shin E.C. Immunophenotyping of COVID-19 and influenza highlights the role of type I interferons in development of severe COVID-19. Sci Immunol. 2020; 5(49):eabd1554. doi 10.1126/sciimmunol.abd1554Lee J.S., Park S., Jeong H.W., Ahn J.Y., Choi S.J., Lee H., Choi B., … Park S.H., Choi J.Y., Kim S.H., Jung I., Shin E.C. Immunophenotyping of COVID-19 and influenza highlights the role of type I interferons in development of severe COVID-19. Sci Immunol. 2020; 5(49):eabd1554. doi 10.1126/sciimmunol.abd1554Lee M.J., Blish C.A. Defining the role of natural killer cells in COVID-19. Nat Immunol. 2023;24(10):1628-1638. doi 10.1038/s41590-023-01560-8Lee M.J., Blish C.A. Defining the role of natural killer cells in COVID-19. Nat Immunol. 2023;24(10):1628-1638. doi 10.1038/s41590-023-01560-8Lei H. Hypoxia and activation of neutrophil degranulation-related genes in the peripheral blood of COVID-19 patients. Viruses. 2024;16(2): 201. doi 10.3390/v16020201Lei H. Hypoxia and activation of neutrophil degranulation-related genes in the peripheral blood of COVID-19 patients. Viruses. 2024;16(2): 201. doi 10.3390/v16020201Lévy Y., Wiedemann A., Hejblum B.P., Durand M., Lefebvre C., Surénaud M., Lacabaratz C., … Yazdanpanah Y., Pantaleo G., Hocini H., Thiébaut R.; French COVID cohort study group. CD177, a specific marker of neutrophil activation, is associated with coronavirus disease 2019 severity and death. iScience. 2021;24(7):102711. doi 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102711Lévy Y., Wiedemann A., Hejblum B.P., Durand M., Lefebvre C., Surénaud M., Lacabaratz C., … Yazdanpanah Y., Pantaleo G., Hocini H., Thiébaut R.; French COVID cohort study group. CD177, a specific marker of neutrophil activation, is associated with coronavirus disease 2019 severity and death. iScience. 2021;24(7):102711. doi 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102711Liu C., Martins A.J., Lau W.W., Rachmaninoff N., Chen J., Imberti L., Mostaghimi D., … COVID Clinicians; Rossi C., Su H.C., Kuhns D.B., Cohen J.I., Notarangelo L.D., Tsang J.S. Time-resolved systems immunology reveals a late juncture linked to fatal COVID-19. Cell. 2021;184(7):1836-1857.e22. doi 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.018Liu C., Martins A.J., Lau W.W., Rachmaninoff N., Chen J., Imberti L., Mostaghimi D., … COVID Clinicians; Rossi C., Su H.C., Kuhns D.B., Cohen J.I., Notarangelo L.D., Tsang J.S. Time-resolved systems immunology reveals a late juncture linked to fatal COVID-19. Cell. 2021;184(7):1836-1857.e22. doi 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.018Liu X., Chen R., Li B., Zhang J., Liu P., Li B., Li F., Zhang W., Lyu X., Hu M. Oxidative stress indexes as biomarkers of the severity in COVID-19 patients. Int J Med Sci. 2024;21(15):3034-3045. doi 10.7150/ijms.102879Liu X., Chen R., Li B., Zhang J., Liu P., Li B., Li F., Zhang W., Lyu X., Hu M. Oxidative stress indexes as biomarkers of the severity in COVID-19 patients. Int J Med Sci. 2024;21(15):3034-3045. doi 10.7150/ijms.102879Love M.I., Huber W., Anders S. Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2. Genome Biol. 2014; 15(12):550. doi 10.1186/s13059-014-0550-8Love M.I., Huber W., Anders S. Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2. Genome Biol. 2014; 15(12):550. doi 10.1186/s13059-014-0550-8Maurya R., Swaminathan A., Shamim U., Arora S., Mishra P., Raina A., Ravi V., Tarai B., Budhiraja S., Pandey R. Co-evolution of SARSCoV-2 variants and host immune response trajectories underlie COVID-19 pandemic to epidemic transition. iScience. 2023;26(12): 108336. doi 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108336Maurya R., Swaminathan A., Shamim U., Arora S., Mishra P., Raina A., Ravi V., Tarai B., Budhiraja S., Pandey R. Co-evolution of SARSCoV-2 variants and host immune response trajectories underlie COVID-19 pandemic to epidemic transition. iScience. 2023;26(12): 108336. doi 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108336McClain M.T., Zhbannikov I., Satterwhite L.L., Henao R., Giroux N.S., Ding S., Burke T.W., Tsalik E.L., Nix C., Balcazar J.P., Petzold E.A., Shen X., Woods C.W. Epigenetic and transcriptional responses in circulating leukocytes are associated with future decompensation during SARS-CoV-2 infection. iScience. 2023;27(1):108288. doi 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108288McClain M.T., Zhbannikov I., Satterwhite L.L., Henao R., Giroux N.S., Ding S., Burke T.W., Tsalik E.L., Nix C., Balcazar J.P., Petzold E.A., Shen X., Woods C.W. Epigenetic and transcriptional responses in circulating leukocytes are associated with future decompensation during SARS-CoV-2 infection. iScience. 2023;27(1):108288. doi 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108288Meizlish M.L., Pine A.B., Bishai J.D., Goshua G., Nadelmann E.R., Simonov M., Chang C.H., … Halene S., Damsky W., van Dijk D., Lee A.I., Chun H.J. A neutrophil activation signature predicts critical illness and mortality in COVID-19. Blood Adv. 2021;5(5):1164- 1177. doi 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003568Meizlish M.L., Pine A.B., Bishai J.D., Goshua G., Nadelmann E.R., Simonov M., Chang C.H., … Halene S., Damsky W., van Dijk D., Lee A.I., Chun H.J. A neutrophil activation signature predicts critical illness and mortality in COVID-19. Blood Adv. 2021;5(5):1164- 1177. doi 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003568Menke A., Rex-Haffner M., Klengel T., Binder E.B., Mehta D. Peripheral blood gene expression: it all boils down to the RNA collection tubes. BMC Res Notes. 2012;5:1. doi 10.1186/1756-0500-5-1Menke A., Rex-Haffner M., Klengel T., Binder E.B., Mehta D. Peripheral blood gene expression: it all boils down to the RNA collection tubes. BMC Res Notes. 2012;5:1. doi 10.1186/1756-0500-5-1Morselli Gysi D., do Valle Í., Zitnik M., Ameli A., Gan X., Varol O., Ghiassian S.D., Patten J.J., Davey R.A., Loscalzo J., Barabási A.L. Network medicine framework for identifying drug-repurposing opportunities for COVID-19. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2021;118(19): e2025581118. doi 10.1073/pnas.2025581118Morselli Gysi D., do Valle Í., Zitnik M., Ameli A., Gan X., Varol O., Ghiassian S.D., Patten J.J., Davey R.A., Loscalzo J., Barabási A.L. Network medicine framework for identifying drug-repurposing opportunities for COVID-19. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2021;118(19): e2025581118. doi 10.1073/pnas.2025581118Nasonov E.L., Avdeeva A.S. Interleukin 18 in immune-mediated rheumatic diseases and COVID-19. Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2022;60(2):195-204. doi 10.47360/1995-4484-2022-195- 204 (in Russian)Nasonov E.L., Avdeeva A.S. Interleukin 18 in immune-mediated rheumatic diseases and COVID-19. Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2022;60(2):195-204. doi 10.47360/1995-4484-2022-195- 204 (in Russian)Nassir N., Tambi R., Bankapur A., Al Heialy S., Karuvantevida N., Khansaheb H.H., Zehra B., … Yaseen Hachim M., Casanova J.L., Berdiev B.K., Alsheikh-Ali A., Uddin M. Single-cell transcriptome identifies FCGR3B upregulated subtype of alveolar macrophages in patients with critical COVID-19. iScience. 2021;24(9):103030. doi 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103030Nassir N., Tambi R., Bankapur A., Al Heialy S., Karuvantevida N., Khansaheb H.H., Zehra B., … Yaseen Hachim M., Casanova J.L., Berdiev B.K., Alsheikh-Ali A., Uddin M. Single-cell transcriptome identifies FCGR3B upregulated subtype of alveolar macrophages in patients with critical COVID-19. iScience. 2021;24(9):103030. doi 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103030Nédélec Y., Sanz J., Baharian G., Szpiech Z.A., Pacis A., Dumaine A., Grenier J.C., … Hernandez R.D., Pique-Regi R., Tung J., Yotova V., Barreiro L.B. Genetic ancestry and natural selection drive population differences in immune responses to pathogens. Cell. 2016; 167(3):657-669.e21. doi 10.1016/j.cell.2016.09.025Nédélec Y., Sanz J., Baharian G., Szpiech Z.A., Pacis A., Dumaine A., Grenier J.C., … Hernandez R.D., Pique-Regi R., Tung J., Yotova V., Barreiro L.B. Genetic ancestry and natural selection drive population differences in immune responses to pathogens. Cell. 2016; 167(3):657-669.e21. doi 10.1016/j.cell.2016.09.025Oh K.K., Adnan M., Cho D.H. Network pharmacology approach to decipher signaling pathways associated with target proteins of NSAIDs against COVID-19. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):9606. doi 10.1038/s41598-021-88313-5Oh K.K., Adnan M., Cho D.H. Network pharmacology approach to decipher signaling pathways associated with target proteins of NSAIDs against COVID-19. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):9606. doi 10.1038/s41598-021-88313-5Parikh V.N., Ioannidis A.G., Jimenez-Morales D., Gorzynski J.E., De Jong H.N., Liu X., Roque J., … Palacios J.A., Pinsky B.A., Bustamante C.D., Rivas M.A., Ashley E.A. Deconvoluting complex correlates of COVID-19 severity with a multi-omic pandemic tracking strategy. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):5107. doi 10.1038/s41467-022-32397-8Parikh V.N., Ioannidis A.G., Jimenez-Morales D., Gorzynski J.E., De Jong H.N., Liu X., Roque J., … Palacios J.A., Pinsky B.A., Bustamante C.D., Rivas M.A., Ashley E.A. Deconvoluting complex correlates of COVID-19 severity with a multi-omic pandemic tracking strategy. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):5107. doi 10.1038/s41467-022-32397-8Pei R., Feng J., Zhang Y., Sun H., Li L., Yang X., He J., … Wen K., Zhou H., Chen J., Rong Z., Chen X. Host metabolism dysregulation and cell tropism identification in human airway and alveolar organoids upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. Protein Cell. 2021;12(9):717- 733. doi 10.1007/s13238-020-00811-wPei R., Feng J., Zhang Y., Sun H., Li L., Yang X., He J., … Wen K., Zhou H., Chen J., Rong Z., Chen X. Host metabolism dysregulation and cell tropism identification in human airway and alveolar organoids upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. Protein Cell. 2021;12(9):717- 733. doi 10.1007/s13238-020-00811-wPincemail J., Cavalier E., Charlier C., Cheramy-Bien J.P., Brevers E., Courtois A., Fadeur M., Meziane S., Goff C.L., Misset B., Albert A., Defraigne J.O., Rousseau A.F. Oxidative stress status in COVID-19 patients hospitalized in intensive care unit for severe pneumonia. A pilot study. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021;10(2):257. doi 10.3390/antiox10020257Pincemail J., Cavalier E., Charlier C., Cheramy-Bien J.P., Brevers E., Courtois A., Fadeur M., Meziane S., Goff C.L., Misset B., Albert A., Defraigne J.O., Rousseau A.F. Oxidative stress status in COVID-19 patients hospitalized in intensive care unit for severe pneumonia. A pilot study. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021;10(2):257. doi 10.3390/antiox10020257Polonikov A. Endogenous deficiency of glutathione as the most likely cause of serious manifestations and death in COVID-19 patients. ACS Infect Dis. 2020;6(7):1558-1562. doi 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00288Polonikov A. Endogenous deficiency of glutathione as the most likely cause of serious manifestations and death in COVID-19 patients. ACS Infect Dis. 2020;6(7):1558-1562. doi 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00288Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Infection (COVID-19). Temporary guidelines. Version 18. The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 2023 (in Russian)Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Novel Coronavirus Infection (COVID-19). Temporary guidelines. Version 18. The Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 2023 (in Russian)Randolph H.E., Aracena K.A., Lin Y.L., Mu Z., Barreiro L.B. Shaping immunity: the influence of natural selection on population immune diversity. Immunol Rev. 2024;323(1):227-240. doi 10.1111/imr.13329Randolph H.E., Aracena K.A., Lin Y.L., Mu Z., Barreiro L.B. Shaping immunity: the influence of natural selection on population immune diversity. Immunol Rev. 2024;323(1):227-240. doi 10.1111/imr.13329Ren X., Wen W., Fan X., Hou W., Su B., Cai P., LiJ., … Qu K., Wang X., Chen J., Jin R., Zhang Z. COVID-19 immune features revealed by a large-scale single-cell transcriptome atlas. Cell. 2021;184(7):1895- 1913.e19. doi 10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.053Ren X., Wen W., Fan X., Hou W., Su B., Cai P., LiJ., … Qu K., Wang X., Chen J., Jin R., Zhang Z. COVID-19 immune features revealed by a large-scale single-cell transcriptome atlas. Cell. 2021;184(7):1895- 1913.e19. doi 10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.053Reusch N., De Domenico E., Bonaguro L., Schulte-Schrepping J., Baßler K., Schultze J.L., Aschenbrenner A.C. Neutrophils in COVID-19. Front Immunol. 2021;12:652470. doi 10.3389/fimmu.2021.652470Reusch N., De Domenico E., Bonaguro L., Schulte-Schrepping J., Baßler K., Schultze J.L., Aschenbrenner A.C. Neutrophils in COVID-19. Front Immunol. 2021;12:652470. doi 10.3389/fimmu.2021.652470Ritchie M.E., Phipson B., Wu D., Hu Y., Law C.W., Shi W., Smyth G.K. limma powers differential expression analyses for RNA-sequencing and microarray studies. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015;43(7):e47. doi 10.1093/nar/gkv007Ritchie M.E., Phipson B., Wu D., Hu Y., Law C.W., Shi W., Smyth G.K. limma powers differential expression analyses for RNA-sequencing and microarray studies. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015;43(7):e47. doi 10.1093/nar/gkv007Robinson M.D., McCarthy D.J., Smyth G.K. edgeR: a Bioconductor package for differential expression analysis of digital gene expression data. Bioinformatics. 2010;26(1):139-140. doi 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp616Robinson M.D., McCarthy D.J., Smyth G.K. edgeR: a Bioconductor package for differential expression analysis of digital gene expression data. Bioinformatics. 2010;26(1):139-140. doi 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp616Roessler C., de Oliveira K.C.S., de Oliveira PortellaA.X., Fortes P.C.N., Machado F.R., Araujo S.M., Prigol M., Lucio L.C., Benvegnú D.M., Ferreto L.E.D. Evaluation of oxidative stress level: reactive oxy gen species, reduced glutathione, and D-dimer in patients hospitalized due to COVID-19. Redox Rep. 2023;28(1):1-6. doi 10.1080/13510002.2023.2272384Roessler C., de Oliveira K.C.S., de Oliveira PortellaA.X., Fortes P.C.N., Machado F.R., Araujo S.M., Prigol M., Lucio L.C., Benvegnú D.M., Ferreto L.E.D. Evaluation of oxidative stress level: reactive oxy gen species, reduced glutathione, and D-dimer in patients hospitalized due to COVID-19. Redox Rep. 2023;28(1):1-6. doi 10.1080/13510002.2023.2272384Ryckman C., Vandal K., Rouleau P., Talbot M., Tessier P.A. Proinflammatory activities of S100: proteins S100A8, S100A9, and S100A8/ A9 induce neutrophil chemotaxis and adhesion. J Immunol. 2003; 170(6):3233-3242. doi 10.4049/jimmunol.170.6.3233Ryckman C., Vandal K., Rouleau P., Talbot M., Tessier P.A. Proinflammatory activities of S100: proteins S100A8, S100A9, and S100A8/ A9 induce neutrophil chemotaxis and adhesion. J Immunol. 2003; 170(6):3233-3242. doi 10.4049/jimmunol.170.6.3233Saheb Sharif-Askari N., Saheb Sharif-Askari F., Mdkhana B., Hussain Alsayed H.A., Alsafar H., Alrais Z.F., Hamid Q., Halwani R. Upregulation of oxidative stress gene markers during SARS-COV-2 viral infection. Free Radic Biol Med. 2021;172:688-698. doi 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.06.018Saheb Sharif-Askari N., Saheb Sharif-Askari F., Mdkhana B., Hussain Alsayed H.A., Alsafar H., Alrais Z.F., Hamid Q., Halwani R. Upregulation of oxidative stress gene markers during SARS-COV-2 viral infection. Free Radic Biol Med. 2021;172:688-698. doi 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.06.018Saichi M., Ladjemi M.Z., Korniotis S., Rousseau C., Ait Hamou Z., Massenet-Regad L., Amblard E., Noel F., Marie Y., Bouteiller D., Medvedovic J., Pène F., Soumelis V. Single-cell RNA sequencing of blood antigen-presenting cells in severe COVID-19 reveals multiprocess defects in antiviral immunity. Nat Cell Biol. 2021;23(5): 538-551. doi 10.1038/s41556-021-00681-2Saichi M., Ladjemi M.Z., Korniotis S., Rousseau C., Ait Hamou Z., Massenet-Regad L., Amblard E., Noel F., Marie Y., Bouteiller D., Medvedovic J., Pène F., Soumelis V. Single-cell RNA sequencing of blood antigen-presenting cells in severe COVID-19 reveals multiprocess defects in antiviral immunity. Nat Cell Biol. 2021;23(5): 538-551. doi 10.1038/s41556-021-00681-2Schimke L.F., Marques A.H.C., Baiocchi G.C., de Souza Prado C.A., Fonseca D.L.M., Freire P.P., Rodrigues Plaça D., … Ulas T., Schultze J.L., Nakaya H.I., Jurisica I., Cabral-Marques O. Severe COVID-19 shares a common neutrophil activation signature with other acute inflammatory states. Cells. 2022;11(5):847. doi 10.3390/cells11050847Schimke L.F., Marques A.H.C., Baiocchi G.C., de Souza Prado C.A., Fonseca D.L.M., Freire P.P., Rodrigues Plaça D., … Ulas T., Schultze J.L., Nakaya H.I., Jurisica I., Cabral-Marques O. Severe COVID-19 shares a common neutrophil activation signature with other acute inflammatory states. Cells. 2022;11(5):847. doi 10.3390/cells11050847Schulte-Schrepping J., Reusch N., Paclik D., Baßler K., Schlickeiser S., Zhang B., Krämer B., … Li Y., Nattermann J., Sawitzki B., Saliba A.E., Sander L.E.; Deutsche COVID-19 OMICS Initiative (DeCOI). Severe COVID-19 is marked by a dysregulated myeloid cell compartment. Cell. 2020;182(6):1419-1440.e23. doi 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.001Schulte-Schrepping J., Reusch N., Paclik D., Baßler K., Schlickeiser S., Zhang B., Krämer B., … Li Y., Nattermann J., Sawitzki B., Saliba A.E., Sander L.E.; Deutsche COVID-19 OMICS Initiative (DeCOI). Severe COVID-19 is marked by a dysregulated myeloid cell compartment. Cell. 2020;182(6):1419-1440.e23. doi 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.001Schultze J.L., Aschenbrenner A.C. COVID-19 and the human innate immune system. Cell. 2021;184(7):1671-1692. doi 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.029Schultze J.L., Aschenbrenner A.C. COVID-19 and the human innate immune system. Cell. 2021;184(7):1671-1692. doi 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.029Schultze J.L., Mass E., Schlitzer A. Emerging principles in myelopoiesis at homeostasis and during infection and inflammation. Immunity. 2019;50(2):288-301. doi 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.01.019Schultze J.L., Mass E., Schlitzer A. Emerging principles in myelopoiesis at homeostasis and during infection and inflammation. Immunity. 2019;50(2):288-301. doi 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.01.019Shaymardanov A.M., Antonova O.A., Sokol A.D., Deinichenko K.A., Kazakova P.G., Milovanov M.M., Zakubansky A.V., … Keskinov A.A., Kraevoy S.A., Snigir E.A., Svetlichnyy D.V., Skvortsova V.I. Single-cell gene expression analysis revealed immune cell signatures of Delta COVID-19. Cells. 2022;11(19):2950. doi 10.3390/cells11192950Shaymardanov A.M., Antonova O.A., Sokol A.D., Deinichenko K.A., Kazakova P.G., Milovanov M.M., Zakubansky A.V., … Keskinov A.A., Kraevoy S.A., Snigir E.A., Svetlichnyy D.V., Skvortsova V.I. Single-cell gene expression analysis revealed immune cell signatures of Delta COVID-19. Cells. 2022;11(19):2950. doi 10.3390/cells11192950Shimansky V., Popov O., Kel A., Goryanin I., Klochkova T., Apalko S., Sushentseva N., Anisenkova A., Mosenko S., Shcherbak S. Analysis of the expression profile in COVID-19 patients in the Russian population considering disease severity, mortality, and cytokine storm. Biomedicines. 2025;13(4):863. doi 10.3390/biomedicines13040863Shimansky V., Popov O., Kel A., Goryanin I., Klochkova T., Apalko S., Sushentseva N., Anisenkova A., Mosenko S., Shcherbak S. Analysis of the expression profile in COVID-19 patients in the Russian population considering disease severity, mortality, and cytokine storm. Biomedicines. 2025;13(4):863. doi 10.3390/biomedicines13040863Silvin A., Chapuis N., Dunsmore G., Goubet A.G., Dubuisson A., Derosa L., Almire C., … André F., Zitvogel L., Ginhoux F., Fontenay M., Solary E. Elevated calprotectin and abnormal myeloid cell subsets discriminate severe from mild COVID-19. Cell. 2020;182(6):1401- 1418.e18. doi 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.002Silvin A., Chapuis N., Dunsmore G., Goubet A.G., Dubuisson A., Derosa L., Almire C., … André F., Zitvogel L., Ginhoux F., Fontenay M., Solary E. Elevated calprotectin and abnormal myeloid cell subsets discriminate severe from mild COVID-19. Cell. 2020;182(6):1401- 1418.e18. doi 10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.002Song F., Qian Y., Peng X., Li X., Xing P., Ye D., Lei H. The frontline of immune response in peripheral blood. PLoS One. 2017;12(8): e0182294. doi 10.1371/journal.pone.0182294Song F., Qian Y., Peng X., Li X., Xing P., Ye D., Lei H. The frontline of immune response in peripheral blood. PLoS One. 2017;12(8): e0182294. doi 10.1371/journal.pone.0182294Su Y., Chen D., Yuan D., Lausted C., Choi J., Dai C.L., Voillet V., … Greenberg P.D., Gottardo R., Davis M.M., Goldman J.D., Heath J.R. Multi-omics resolves a sharp disease-state shift between mild and moderate COVID-19. Cell. 2020;183(6):1479-1495.e20. doi 10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.037Su Y., Chen D., Yuan D., Lausted C., Choi J., Dai C.L., Voillet V., … Greenberg P.D., Gottardo R., Davis M.M., Goldman J.D., Heath J.R. Multi-omics resolves a sharp disease-state shift between mild and moderate COVID-19. Cell. 2020;183(6):1479-1495.e20. doi 10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.037Tabassum T., Rahman A., Araf Y., Ullah M.A., Hosen M.J. Prospective selected biomarkers in COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment. Biomark Med. 2021;15(15):1435-1449. doi 10.2217/bmm-2021-0038Tabassum T., Rahman A., Araf Y., Ullah M.A., Hosen M.J. Prospective selected biomarkers in COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment. Biomark Med. 2021;15(15):1435-1449. doi 10.2217/bmm-2021-0038Tang H., Gao Y., Li Z., Miao Y., Huang Z., Liu X., Xie L., Li H., Wen W., Zheng Y., Su W. The noncoding and coding transcriptional landscape of the peripheral immune response in patients with COVID-19. Clin Transl Med. 2020;10(6):e200. doi 10.1002/ctm2.200Tang H., Gao Y., Li Z., Miao Y., Huang Z., Liu X., Xie L., Li H., Wen W., Zheng Y., Su W. The noncoding and coding transcriptional landscape of the peripheral immune response in patients with COVID-19. Clin Transl Med. 2020;10(6):e200. doi 10.1002/ctm2.200Tavassolifar M.J., Aghdaei H.A., Sadatpour O., Maleknia S., Fayazzadeh S., Mohebbi S.R., Montazer F., Rabbani A., Zali M.R., Izad M., Meyfour A. New insights into extracellular and intracellular redox status in COVID-19 patients. Redox Biol. 2023;59:102563. doi 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102563Tavassolifar M.J., Aghdaei H.A., Sadatpour O., Maleknia S., Fayazzadeh S., Mohebbi S.R., Montazer F., Rabbani A., Zali M.R., Izad M., Meyfour A. New insights into extracellular and intracellular redox status in COVID-19 patients. Redox Biol. 2023;59:102563. doi 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102563Togami K., Yamaguchi K., Chono S., Tada H. Evaluation of permeability alteration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition induced by transforming growth factor-β1 in A549, NCI-H441, and Calu-3 cells: development of an in vitro model of respiratory epithelial cells in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. 2017; 86:19-27. doi 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.02.023Togami K., Yamaguchi K., Chono S., Tada H. Evaluation of permeability alteration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition induced by transforming growth factor-β1 in A549, NCI-H441, and Calu-3 cells: development of an in vitro model of respiratory epithelial cells in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods. 2017; 86:19-27. doi 10.1016/j.vascn.2017.02.023Uchasova E.G., Gruzdeva O.V., Dileva Yu.A., Karetnikova V.N. Interleukin 33 and fibrosis: pathogenesis updated. Meditsinskaya Immunologiya = Medical Immunology. 2018;20(4):477-484. doi 10.15789/1563-0625-2018-4-477-484 (in Russian)Uchasova E.G., Gruzdeva O.V., Dileva Yu.A., Karetnikova V.N. Interleukin 33 and fibrosis: pathogenesis updated. Meditsinskaya Immunologiya = Medical Immunology. 2018;20(4):477-484. doi 10.15789/1563-0625-2018-4-477-484 (in Russian)Vaz de Paula C.B., de Azevedo M.L.V., Nagashima S., Martins A.P.C., Malaquias M.A.S., Miggiolaro A.F.R.D.S., da Silva Motta Júnior J., Avelino G., do Carmo L.A.P., Carstens L.B., de Noronha L. IL-4/ IL-13 remodeling pathway of COVID-19 lung injury. Sci Rep. 2020; 10(1):18689. doi 10.1038/s41598-020-75659-5Vaz de Paula C.B., de Azevedo M.L.V., Nagashima S., Martins A.P.C., Malaquias M.A.S., Miggiolaro A.F.R.D.S., da Silva Motta Júnior J., Avelino G., do Carmo L.A.P., Carstens L.B., de Noronha L. IL-4/ IL-13 remodeling pathway of COVID-19 lung injury. Sci Rep. 2020; 10(1):18689. doi 10.1038/s41598-020-75659-5Vlasov I., Panteleeva A., Usenko T., Nikolaev M., Izumchenko A., Gavrilova E., Shlyk I., Miroshnikova V., Shadrina M., Polushin Y., Pchelina S., Slonimsky P. Transcriptomic profiles reveal downregulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor pathway activity in patients surviving severe COVID-19. Cells. 2021;10(12):3495. doi 10.3390/cells10123495Vlasov I., Panteleeva A., Usenko T., Nikolaev M., Izumchenko A., Gavrilova E., Shlyk I., Miroshnikova V., Shadrina M., Polushin Y., Pchelina S., Slonimsky P. Transcriptomic profiles reveal downregulation of low-density lipoprotein particle receptor pathway activity in patients surviving severe COVID-19. Cells. 2021;10(12):3495. doi 10.3390/cells10123495Wang F., Xia H., Yao S. Regulatory T cells are a double-edged sword in pulmonary fibrosis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;84:106443. doi 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106443Wang F., Xia H., Yao S. Regulatory T cells are a double-edged sword in pulmonary fibrosis. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;84:106443. doi 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106443Wang Q.S., Edahiro R., Namkoong H., Hasegawa T., Shirai Y., Sonehara K., Tanaka H., … Miyano S., Ogawa S., Kanai T., Fukunaga K., Okada Y. The whole blood transcriptional regulation landscape in 465 COVID-19 infected samples from Japan COVID-19 task force. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):4830. doi 10.1038/s41467-022-32276-2Wang Q.S., Edahiro R., Namkoong H., Hasegawa T., Shirai Y., Sonehara K., Tanaka H., … Miyano S., Ogawa S., Kanai T., Fukunaga K., Okada Y. The whole blood transcriptional regulation landscape in 465 COVID-19 infected samples from Japan COVID-19 task force. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):4830. doi 10.1038/s41467-022-32276-2Wang S., Song R., Wang Z., Jing Z., Wang S., Ma J. S100A8/A9 in inflammation. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1298. doi 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01298Wang S., Song R., Wang Z., Jing Z., Wang S., Ma J. S100A8/A9 in inflammation. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1298. doi 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01298Wang Y., Schughart K., Pelaia T.M., Chew T., Kim K., Karvunidis T., Knippenberg B., … Burcham J., McLean A.; PREDICT-19 consortium; Tang B., Shojaei M. Blood transcriptome responses in patients correlate with severity of COVID-19 disease. Front Immunol. 2023;13:1043219. doi 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1043219Wang Y., Schughart K., Pelaia T.M., Chew T., Kim K., Karvunidis T., Knippenberg B., … Burcham J., McLean A.; PREDICT-19 consortium; Tang B., Shojaei M. Blood transcriptome responses in patients correlate with severity of COVID-19 disease. Front Immunol. 2023;13:1043219. doi 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1043219Wargodsky R., Dela Cruz P., LaFleur J., Yamane D., Kim J.S., Benjenk I., Heinz E., … Farrar K., Toma I., Jordan T., Goldman J., McCaf¬frey T.A. RNA sequencing in COVID-19 patients identifies neutrophil activation biomarkers as a promising diagnostic platform for infections. PLoS One. 2022;17(1):e0261679. doi 10.1371/journal.pone.0261679Wargodsky R., Dela Cruz P., LaFleur J., Yamane D., Kim J.S., Benjenk I., Heinz E., … Farrar K., Toma I., Jordan T., Goldman J., McCaf¬frey T.A. RNA sequencing in COVID-19 patients identifies neutrophil activation biomarkers as a promising diagnostic platform for infections. PLoS One. 2022;17(1):e0261679. doi 10.1371/journal.pone.0261679Wilk A.J., Lee M.J., Wei B., Parks B., Pi R., Martínez-Colón G.J., Ranganath T., … Holmes S., Rabinovitch M., Rogers A.J., Greenleaf W.J., Blish C.A. Multi-omic profiling reveals widespread dysregulation of innate immunity and hematopoiesis in COVID-19. J Exp Med. 2021;218(8):e20210582. doi 10.1084/jem.20210582Wilk A.J., Lee M.J., Wei B., Parks B., Pi R., Martínez-Colón G.J., Ranganath T., … Holmes S., Rabinovitch M., Rogers A.J., Greenleaf W.J., Blish C.A. Multi-omic profiling reveals widespread dysregulation of innate immunity and hematopoiesis in COVID-19. J Exp Med. 2021;218(8):e20210582. doi 10.1084/jem.20210582Witkowski M., Tizian C., Ferreira-Gomes M., Niemeyer D., Jones T.C., Heinrich F., Frischbutter S., … Durek P., Kruglov A., Radbruch A., Mashreghi M.F., Diefenbach A. Untimely TGFβ responses in COVID-19 limit antiviral functions of NK cells. Nature. 2021; 600(7888):295-301. doi 10.1038/s41586-021-04142-6Witkowski M., Tizian C., Ferreira-Gomes M., Niemeyer D., Jones T.C., Heinrich F., Frischbutter S., … Durek P., Kruglov A., Radbruch A., Mashreghi M.F., Diefenbach A. Untimely TGFβ responses in COVID-19 limit antiviral functions of NK cells. Nature. 2021; 600(7888):295-301. doi 10.1038/s41586-021-04142-6Xiong Y., Liu Y., Cao L., Wang D., Guo M., Jiang A., Guo D., … Shi M., Liu Y., Zhou Y., Lan K., Chen Y. Transcriptomic characteristics of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in COVID-19 patients. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9(1):761-770. doi 10.1080/22221751.2020.1747363Xiong Y., Liu Y., Cao L., Wang D., Guo M., Jiang A., Guo D., … Shi M., Liu Y., Zhou Y., Lan K., Chen Y. Transcriptomic characteristics of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in COVID-19 patients. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9(1):761-770. doi 10.1080/22221751.2020.1747363Yao C., Bora S.A., Parimon T., Zaman T., Friedman O.A., PalatinusJ.A., Surapaneni N.S., … Martins G.A., Stripp B.R., Gharib S.A., Goodridge H.S., Chen P. Cell-type-specific immune dysregulation in severely ill COVID-19 patients. Cell Rep. 2021;34(1):108590. doi 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108590Yao C., Bora S.A., Parimon T., Zaman T., Friedman O.A., PalatinusJ.A., Surapaneni N.S., … Martins G.A., Stripp B.R., Gharib S.A., Goodridge H.S., Chen P. Cell-type-specific immune dysregulation in severely ill COVID-19 patients. Cell Rep. 2021;34(1):108590. doi 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108590Yoon H.S., Kim H.Y., Cho K.A., Kim Y.H., Woo S.Y., Kim H.S., Kang J.L., Ryu K.H., Park J.W. Procollagen C-endopeptidase enhancer 2 secreted by tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells increases the oxidative burst of promyelocytic HL-60 cells. Biology (Basel). 2022;11(2):255. doi 10.3390/biology11020255Yoon H.S., Kim H.Y., Cho K.A., Kim Y.H., Woo S.Y., Kim H.S., Kang J.L., Ryu K.H., Park J.W. Procollagen C-endopeptidase enhancer 2 secreted by tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells increases the oxidative burst of promyelocytic HL-60 cells. Biology (Basel). 2022;11(2):255. doi 10.3390/biology11020255Zhang J.Y., Wang X.M., Xing X., Xu Z., Zhang C., Song J.W., Fan X., … Zhang Y., Zumla A., Maeurer M., Bai F., Wang F.S. Single-cell landscape of immunological responses in patients with COVID-19. Nat Immunol. 2020;21(9):1107-1118. doi 10.1038/s41590-020-0762-xZhang J.Y., Wang X.M., Xing X., Xu Z., Zhang C., Song J.W., Fan X., … Zhang Y., Zumla A., Maeurer M., Bai F., Wang F.S. Single-cell landscape of immunological responses in patients with COVID-19. Nat Immunol. 2020;21(9):1107-1118. doi 10.1038/s41590-020-0762-xZhang Y., Wang S., Xia H., Guo J., He K., Huang C., Luo R., Chen Y., Xu K., Gao H., Sheng J., Li L. Identification of monocytes associated with severe COVID-19 in the PBMCs of severely infected patients through single-cell transcriptome sequencing. Engineering (Beijing). 2022;17:161-169. doi 10.1016/j.eng.2021.05.009Zhang Y., Wang S., Xia H., Guo J., He K., Huang C., Luo R., Chen Y., Xu K., Gao H., Sheng J., Li L. Identification of monocytes associated with severe COVID-19 in the PBMCs of severely infected patients through single-cell transcriptome sequencing. Engineering (Beijing). 2022;17:161-169. doi 10.1016/j.eng.2021.05.009Zizzo G., Cohen P.L. Imperfect storm: is interleukin-33 the Achilles heel of COVID-19? Lancet Rheumatol. 2020;2(12):e779-e790. doi 10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30340-4Zizzo G., Cohen P.L. Imperfect storm: is interleukin-33 the Achilles heel of COVID-19? Lancet Rheumatol. 2020;2(12):e779-e790. doi 10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30340-4Zurochka A.V., Kotlyarov A.N., Kuvaytsev M.V., Kvyatkovskaya S.V., Zurochka V.A., Ryabova L.V., Khaidukov S.V. Changes of HLADR antigen expression on monocytes in children and their clinical significance in sepsis. Meditsinskaya Immunologiya = Medical Immunology. 2008;10(4-5):379-388. doi 10.15789/1563-0625-2008-4-5-379-388 (in Russian)Zurochka A.V., Kotlyarov A.N., Kuvaytsev M.V., Kvyatkovskaya S.V., Zurochka V.A., Ryabova L.V., Khaidukov S.V. Changes of HLADR antigen expression on monocytes in children and their clinical significance in sepsis. Meditsinskaya Immunologiya = Medical Immunology. 2008;10(4-5):379-388. doi 10.15789/1563-0625-2008-4-5-379-388 (in Russian)

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.