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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/vjgb-26-27</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-5036</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГЕНЕТИЧЕСКАЯ ИНЖЕНЕРИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>On the 150th anniversary of Gregor Mendel’s report “Experiments in plant hybridization”</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Получение и характеристика двойной нокаутной линии Arabidopsis thaliana, лишенной экспрессии АOX1а и VTC2</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Generation and characterization of a double-knockout Arabidopsis thaliana line lacking expression of AOX1a and VTC2</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гармаш</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Garmash</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сыктывкар</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Syktyvkar</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">garmash@ib.komisc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белых</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Belykh</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сыктывкар</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Syktyvkar</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ядрихинский</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yadrikhinskiy</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сыктывкар</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Syktyvkar</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малышев</surname><given-names>Р. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Malyshev</surname><given-names>R. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сыктывкар</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Syktyvkar</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Велегжанинов</surname><given-names>И. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Velegzhaninov</surname><given-names>I. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сыктывкар</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Syktyvkar</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт биологии Коми научного центра Уральского отделения Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Biology of Komi Science Centre of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>241</fpage><lpage>249</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гармаш Е.В., Белых Е.С., Ядрихинский К.В., Малышев Р.В., Велегжанинов И.О., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гармаш Е.В., Белых Е.С., Ядрихинский К.В., Малышев Р.В., Велегжанинов И.О.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Garmash E.V., Belykh E.S., Yadrikhinskiy K.V., Malyshev R.V., Velegzhaninov I.O.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/5036">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/5036</self-uri><abstract><p>У высших растений L-галактозный путь является основным путем биосинтеза витамина С (аскорбата, Аск), последний этап которого связан с функционированием электрон-транспортной цепи митохондрий. Помимо основного цитохромного пути, электрон-транспортная цепь растений содержит альтернативный путь через альтернативную терминальную оксидазу (АОХ). Вовлечение АОХ способствует синтезу Аск, поэтому предполагается, что подавление альтернативного пути в условиях дефицита Аск может привести к снижению жизнеспособности растений. В связи с этим была поставлена цель – рассмотреть последствия нокаутирования в растениях Arabidopsis thaliana одновременно двух генов: АОХ1а, наиболее стресс-индуцибельного гена АОХ, и VTC2, гена ключевого фермента L-галактозного пути синтеза Аск. Для этого проведено скрещивание двух линий A. thaliana с Т-ДНК инсерцией в целевых генах и получены гибридные линии. Изучены характеристики семян первого (F1) и второго (F2) поколений. Семена F1 отличались более крупными размерами по сравнению с родительскими линиями, что могло быть следствием гетерозиса. В поколении F2 в результате самоопыления растений F1 сформировались семена, значительно варьирующие по размерам, в том числе группа мелких семян, имеющих дегенеративные морфологические отклонения. Большинство мелких семян не прорастало или погибало на стадии появления проростка. Генотипирование этих семян с помощью ПЦР установило отсутствие нормальных копий АОХ1а и VTC2 в геноме, что указывает на появление летальной мутации при одновременном нокауте обоих генов. Обсуждаются причины летального исхода двойного нокаута. Одной из генетических причин, по-видимому, стало взаимодействие мутаций (неаллельных генов). На физиологическом уровне, возможно, возникли необратимые нарушения дыхания, в том числе из-за влияния в линии vtc2 криптической мутации. Для подтверждения данных гипотез требуются дальнейшие исследования. В целом полученные результаты свидетельствуют о жизненно важном совместном функционировании альтернативного и L-галактозного путей биосинтеза Аск и могут быть полезны для развития генно-инженерных приемов управления синтезом витамина С в растениях.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In higher plants, the L-galactose pathway is the main pathway for the biosynthesis of vitamin C (ascorbate, Asc), the final step of which is connected with the functioning of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC). In addition to the main cytochrome pathway, plant ETC includes an alternative pathway (AP) via alternative terminal oxidase (AOX). The engagement of AOX promotes Asc synthesis, and it is hypothesized that AOX suppression under conditions of Asc deficiency may reduce plant viability. The aim of this work was to examine the consequences of simultaneously knocking out two genes in Arabidopsis thaliana: AOX1a, the most stress-inducible AOX gene, and VTC2, encoding a key enzyme of the L-galactose pathway of Asc synthesis. Two lines of A. thaliana with T-DNA insertions in the target genes were crossed to generate hybrid lines. Seed characteristics of the first (F1) and second (F2) generations were analyzed. F1 seeds were larger than those of parent lines, possibly due to heterosis. In the F2 generation, self-pollination of F1 plants resulted in seeds with significant size variation, including a group of small seeds with degenerative morphological abnormalities. Most of small seeds failed to germinate or died at the seedling stage. PCR genotyping of these seeds revealed the absence of native AOX1a and VTC2 indicating a lethal mutation caused by simultaneous knockout of both genes. One likely genetic cause is the interaction of mutations in non-allelic genes. At the physiological level, irreversible respiratory damage may occur, possibly including the impact of a cryptic mutation in the vtc2 line. Further studies are necessary to confirm these hypotheses. In general, the results obtained indicate the vital co-functioning of the AP and the L-galactose pathway of Asc biosynthesis and may be useful for the development of genetically engineered techniques for the control of vitamin C synthesis in plants.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Arabidopsis thaliana</kwd><kwd>альтернативная оксидаза</kwd><kwd>аскорбат</kwd><kwd>ГДФ-L-галактозофосфорилаза</kwd><kwd>линии с нокаутом АОХ1а и VTC2</kwd><kwd>скрещивание</kwd><kwd>генотипирование</kwd><kwd>двойная нокаутная линия</kwd><kwd>летальная мутация</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Arabidopsis thaliana</kwd><kwd>alternative oxidase</kwd><kwd>ascorbate</kwd><kwd>GDP-L-galactose phosphorylase</kwd><kwd>AOX1a and VTC2 knockout lines</kwd><kwd>crossing</kwd><kwd>genotyping</kwd><kwd>double mutants</kwd><kwd>lethal mutation</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, State Assignment “Physiological and molecular mechanisms of integration of cellular processes and the integrity of the plant organism: photosynthesis and respiration” (No. 125020301262-2).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bartoli C.G., Yu J., Gómez F., Fernández L., McIntosh L., Foyer C.H. 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