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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/vjgb-26-32</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-5042</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>БИОИНФОРМАТИКА И СИСТЕМНАЯ БИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>BIOINFORMATICS AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Функциональная симметрия и воспроизводимость эволюционного процесса</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Functional symmetry and reproducibility of the evolutionary process</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Барцев</surname><given-names>С. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Bartsev</surname><given-names>S. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Красноярск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Krasnoyarsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">bartsev@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт биофизики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук – обособленное подразделение Федерального исследовательского центра&#13;
«Красноярский научный центр СО РАН»;&#13;
Сибирский федеральный университет<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Biophysics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences;&#13;
Siberian Federal University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>06</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>284</fpage><lpage>292</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Барцев С.И., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Барцев С.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Bartsev S.I.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/5042">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/5042</self-uri><abstract><p>Вопрос о воспроизводимости эволюционных процессов имеет в первую очередь фундаментальное значение, однако с развитием методов моделирования эволюционных процессов на компьютерных многоуровневых моделях ответ на этот вопрос необходим для прояснения статуса получаемых прогнозов. Экспериментальное получение ансамблей эволюционных исходов для последующей статистической обработки на реальных биологических системах представляется неосуществимым. В то же время прогнозы, сгенерированные многоуровневыми компьютерными моделями, вследствие их сложности и зависимости результатов моделирования от множества параметров с трудом поддаются интерпретации. Данная работа направлена на выявление общих свойств эволюционирующих систем с помощью простой эвристической модели, построенной на прозрачных общих принципах и представлениях о ключевых свойствах биологических систем, значимых для эволюционного процесса. Аге ты, претерпевающие эволюционные изменения, являются рекуррентными нейронными сетями с четко определенной структурой, заданной функцией и определенным правилом модификации структуры в направлении максимальной приспособленности. Отдельный экземпляр нейронной сети, формируемой в ходе эволюционного процесса, назван нейросетевым модельным объектом (НМО). В работе проведены вычислительные эксперименты по генерации ансамблей структур НМО, выполняющих заданную функцию, и проанализированы закономерности распределения НМО в структурном пространстве. Этот анализ подтверждает наличие функциональной симметрии структуры НМО, выполняющих одну и ту же функцию. Оценены устойчивость и воспроизводимость индивидуальных эволюционных траекторий. Показано, что при определенных ограничениях, приводящих к редукции сложности структуры НМО (аналог – узкая экологическая специализация), финальные структуры НМО могут быть близки, но не идентичны. Это позволяет говорить о неточном воспроизведении эволюции структуры на фоне функциональной эквифинальности. Тем не менее можно утверждать, что в общем случае сама способность к эволюционным изменениям реализуется при избыточности потенциальной сложности структуры над функциональной сложностью и автоматически влечет за собой множественность эволюционных исходов, основанную на том, что одна и та же функция может реализовываться различными, но функционально инвариантными структурами.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The question on the reproducibility of evolutionary processes is primarily of fundamental importance; however, with the development of methods for modeling evolutionary processes on computer multilevel models, an answer to this question is necessary to clarify the status of the predictions obtained. Experimental obtaining of ensembles of evolutionary outcomes for subsequent statistical processing on real biological systems seems to be impracticable. At the same time, the results obtained on multilevel computer models are difficult to interpret due to their complexity and the dependence of modeling results on a variety of parameters. This work is aimed at identifying common properties of evolving systems using a simple heuristic model based on transparent general principles and ideas about the key properties of biological systems that are important for the evolutionary process. Agents undergoing evolutionary changes are recurrent neural networks with a well-defined structure, a given function, and a specific rule for modifying the structure in the direction of maximum fitness. A separate instance of a neural network formed during the evolutionary process is called neural network model object (NNMO). Computational experiments have been carried out to generate ensembles of NNMO structures performing a given function, and the patterns of NNMO distribution in the structural space have been analyzed. This analysis confirms the presence of functional symmetry in the structure of NNMOs performing the same function. An assessment of the stability and reproducibility of individual evolutionary trajectories has been carried out. It is shown that under certain constraints leading to a reduction of the complexity of the NNMO structure (analogous to a narrow environmental specialization), the final NNMO structures may be close, but not identical. This suggests an inaccurate reproduction of the evolution of the structure with functional equivalence. Nevertheless, it can be argued that in the general case, the very ability for evolutionary change is possible with the redundancy of the potential complexity of the structure over the functional complexity and automatically entails a multiplicity of evolutionary outcomes based on the fact that the same function can be implemented by different, but functionally invariant structures.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>воспроизводимость эволюционного процесса</kwd><kwd>эквифинальность эволюционных исходов</kwd><kwd>функциональная симметрия</kwd><kwd>эвристическая нейросетевая модель</kwd><kwd>функциональная сложность</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>reproducibility of the evolutionary process</kwd><kwd>equifinality of evolutionary outcomes</kwd><kwd>functional symmetry</kwd><kwd>heuristic neural network model</kwd><kwd>functional complexity</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The study was funded by State Assignment of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (project No. 0287-2021-0018).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Albert R., Jeong H., Barabasi A. 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