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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/vjgb-26-48</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-5113</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГЕНЕТИКА ЖИВОТНЫХ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ANIMAL GENETICS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Сравнительный цитогенетический анализ хромосомы, ограниченной клетками зародышевой линии, у вьюрковых птиц (Passeriformes, Aves)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Comparative cytogenetic analysis of the germline-restricted chromosome in Fringillidae species (Passeriformes, Aves)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малиновская</surname><given-names>Л. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Malinovskaya</surname><given-names>L. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тишакова</surname><given-names>К. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tishakova</surname><given-names>K. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бородин</surname><given-names>П. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Borodin</surname><given-names>P. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">borodin@bionet.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университет;&#13;
Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Novosibirsk State University;&#13;
Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университет;&#13;
Институт молекулярной и клеточной биологии Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Novosibirsk State University;&#13;
Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>444</fpage><lpage>450</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Малиновская Л.П., Тишакова К.В., Бородин П.М., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Малиновская Л.П., Тишакова К.В., Бородин П.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Malinovskaya L.P., Tishakova K.V., Borodin P.M.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/5113">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/5113</self-uri><abstract><p>Добавочная хромосома, ограниченная клетками зародышевой линии (germline-restricted chromosome, GRC), обнаружена у всех исследованных воробьинообразных птиц. Она элиминируется из клеток соматической линии в раннем эмбриогенезе и из сперматоцитов после первого или второго деления мейоза. GRC передается в ряду поколений преимущественно по материнской линии, содержит амплифицированные и перестроенные копии последовательностей хромосом основного набора. Некоторые из них экспрессируются в гонадах самцов и самок. Однако функция и эволюционная динамика GRC остаются неизвестными. Мы провели сравнительный цитогенетический анализ GRC пяти видов птиц семейства Вьюрковые – обыкновенного снегиря Pyrrhula pyrrhula, обыкновенной зеленушки Chloris chloris, обыкновенного щегла Carduelis carduelis, обыкновенной чечётки Acanthis flammea и обыкновенного щура Pinicola enucleator – с использованием флуоресцентной гибридизации in situ ДНК-зонда к целой GRC обыкновенного снегиря с материалом ядер распластанных сперматоцитов данных видов и иммунолокализации белков синаптонемного комплекса и центромеры. Мы впервые описали кариотип синаптонемных комплексов обыкновенного щура (2n = 82 + GRC). Биваленты основного набора состоят из девяти субметацентрических (семь макрои два микробивалента) и 32 акроцентрических микробивалентов. Все акроцентрические микробиваленты основного набора содержат центромеры, состоящие из нескольких центромерных доменов (метаполицентромеры). GRC щура представляет собой крупный акроцентрический макроунивалент. Перекрестная гибридизация in situ ДНК-зонда к GRC снегиря показала только слабые сигналы на GRC щура и чечётки, тогда как на GRC зеленушки и щегла сигналы отсутствовали. Эти данные согласуются с опубликованными результатами, полученными для двух других представителей этого семейства, и свидетельствуют о высокой видовой специфичности последовательностей GRC в пределах семейства Вьюрковые. Мы также обнаружили межвидовые различия в локализации последовательностей, сходных с последовательностями GRC снегиря, на бивалентах основного набора исследуемых видов. Таким образом, наши данные указывают на быструю эволюцию генетического состава GRC и видоспецифичную динамику увеличения и сокращения копийности выявленных последовательностей на хромосомах основного набора в ходе эволюции певчих птиц.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>An additional germline-restricted chromosome (GRC) has been found in the germline cells of all studied passerine bird species. It is eliminated from somatic cells during early embryogenesis and from spermatocytes after the first or second division of male meiosis. The GRC is transmitted across generations predominantly via the maternal line. It contains amplified and rearranged copies of genomic regions from the standard chromosome set. Some of these genes are expressed in the gonads of both males and females. However, the function and evolutionary dynamics of the GRC remain unknown. We conducted a comparative cytogenetic analysis of the GRC in five closely related finch species – the Eurasian bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula, the common greenfinch Chloris chloris, the European goldfinch Carduelis carduelis, the common redpoll Acanthis flammea, and the pine grosbeak Pinicola enucleator – using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with a whole-chromosome DNA probe derived from the bullfinch GRC on spread spermatocytes of these species and immunolocalization of synaptonemal complex (SC) and centromere proteins. We described for the first time the SC karyotype of the pine grosbeak (2n = 82 + GRC). The standard chromosome set consists of nine submetacentric bivalents (seven macroand two microbivalents) and 32 acrocentric microbivalents. All acrocentric microbivalents contain centromeres composed of multiple centromeric domains (metapolycentromeres). The grosbeak GRC is a large acrocentric macrounivalent. Cross-species in situ hybridization of the bullfinch GRC DNA probe showed only weak signals on the GRC of the grosbeak and redpoll, whereas no signal was detected on the greenfinch and goldfinch GRCs. These data are consistent with published results for two other representatives of this family and indicate rapid divergence and high species specificity of GRC sequences within the family Fringillidae. We also detected interspecies differences in the localization of sequences homologous to the bullfinch GRC on the bivalents of the standard set of these species. Thus, our data indicate rapid evolution of the GRC’s genetic composition and reveal species-specific dynamics of increase and decrease in the copy number of detected sequences in the standard chromosome set during the evolution of songbird species.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>germline-restricted chromosome</kwd><kwd>GRC</kwd><kwd>хромосомная эволюция</kwd><kwd>флуоресцентная гибридизация in situ</kwd><kwd>центромера</kwd><kwd>вьюрки</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>germline-restricted chromosome</kwd><kwd>GRC</kwd><kwd>chromosome evolution</kwd><kwd>fluorescent in situ hybridization</kwd><kwd>centromere</kwd><kwd>finches</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>This research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, grant No. 23-14-00182</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anderson L.K., Reeves A., Webb L.M., Ashley T. 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