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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/vjgb-26-21</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-5119</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>БИОИНФОРМАТИКА И СИСТЕМНАЯ БИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>BIOINFORMATICS AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Математическое и компьютерное моделирование биологических систем на разных иерархических уровнях организации</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Mathematical and computational modeling of biosystems at different levels of organization</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лашин</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lashin</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lashin@bionet.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>Р. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>R. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Матушкин</surname><given-names>Ю. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Matushkin</surname><given-names>Y. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>502</fpage><lpage>514</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Лашин С.А., Иванов Р.А., Матушкин Ю.Г., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лашин С.А., Иванов Р.А., Матушкин Ю.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lashin S.A., Ivanov R.A., Matushkin Y.G.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/5119">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/5119</self-uri><abstract><p>Современная биология все в большей степени опирается на математическое и компьютерное моделирование для описания сложных иерархически организованных биосистем. В данном обзоре рассматриваются математические модели, охватывающие основные уровни биологической организации – от молекулярногенетического и клеточного до тканевого/органного, организменного, популяционного и экологического. Цель работы состоит в систематизации ключевых подходов к моделированию на каждом из этих уровней, анализе их возможностей и ограничений, а также в обсуждении стратегий построения многомасштабных и гибридных моделей, связывающих воедино процессы разных пространственно-временных масштабов. Рассматриваются классические детерминированные и стохастические модели на основе дифференциальных уравнений в частных производных, логические и графовые модели регуляторных сетей, клеточные автоматы, агентно-ориентированные и индивидуально-ориентированные модели и подходы, базирующиеся на балансе потоков. Приводятся типичные примеры моделирования молекулярно-генетических сетей, метаболизма и хемотаксиса, роста тканей и органов, динамики популяций и генетической структуры, а также функционирования экосистем. Особое внимание уделяется сопоставлению подходов по критериям масштабов описания, сложности моделируемых процессов, доступности исходных данных, вычислительной трудоемкости и интерпретируемости результатов. Обзор обобщает отечественный и зарубежный опыт, подчеркивая вклад российских и, в частности, новосибирских коллективов в развитие гибридных методов моделирования, построения многомасштабных моделей и реализации программных платформ для системной биологии. В результате проведенного анализа показано, что гибридные и многомасштабные модели позволяют наиболее полно учесть нелинейность, стохастичность и структурную неоднородность биологических систем, но требуют значительных вычислительных ресурсов и тщательной калибровки по данным. Отмечаются методические и программно-технологические тенденции, включая развитие специализированных платформ и репозиториев моделей, средств стандартизации описания и повторного использования модельных компонентов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Modern biology increasingly relies on mathematical and computational modeling to describe complex hierarchically organized biological systems. This review considers models that cover the main levels of biological organization, from the molecular-genetic and cellular levels to tissue/organ, organismal, population and ecological ones. The aim of the work is to systematize the key modeling approaches at each of these levels, to analyze their capabilities and limitations, and to discuss strategies for constructing multiscale and hybrid models that consistently link processes operating at different spatial and temporal scales. We survey classical deterministic and stochastic models based on ordinary and partial differential equations, logical and graph-based models of regulatory networks, cellular automata, agent-based models, as well as flux-balance approaches. Typical examples are given for the modeling of gene regulatory and metabolic networks, chemotaxis, tissue and organ growth, population dynamics and genetic structure, and ecosystem functioning. Special attention is paid to comparing approaches with respect to the scale of description, complexity of modeled processes, data requirements, computational cost and interpretability of results. The analysis shows that hybrid and multiscale models provide an adequate framework to account for nonlinearity, stochasticity and structural heterogeneity of biosystems, but require substantial computational resources and careful data-driven calibration. Methodological and technological trends are outlined, including the development of specialized platforms and model repositories, standards for model representation and tools for reuse of model components.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>математическое моделирование</kwd><kwd>биологические системы</kwd><kwd>многомасштабные модели</kwd><kwd>компьютерная биология</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>mathematical modeling</kwd><kwd>biological systems</kwd><kwd>multiscale models</kwd><kwd>computational biology</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>The study was supported by the budget project No. FWNR-2025-0032</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akberdin I.R., Ozonov E.A., Mironova V.V., Omelyanchuk N.A., Likhoshvai V.A., Gorpinchenko D.N., Kolchanov N.A. 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