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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/vjgb-26-54</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-5120</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>БИОИНФОРМАТИКА И СИСТЕМНАЯ БИОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>BIOINFORMATICS AND SYSTEMS BIOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Эволюционные аспекты динамики мутаций в репликационно-транскрипционном комплексе SARS-CoV-2</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Evolutionary inferences from the analysis of mutation dynamics in the SARS-CoV-2 replication-transcription complex</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пальянов</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Palyanov</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">palyanov@iis.nsk.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Девятериков</surname><given-names>А. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Devyaterikov</surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пальянова</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Palyanova</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шестопалов</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shestopalov</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Новосибирск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Novosibirsk</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт систем информатики им. А.П. Ершова Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук;&#13;
Научно-исследовательский институт вирусологии, Федеральный исследовательский центр фундаментальной и трансляционной медицины<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">A.P. Ershov Institute of Informatics Systems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences;&#13;
Research Institute of Virology, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт систем информатики им. А.П. Ершова Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">A.P. Ershov Institute of Informatics Systems of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт вирусологии, Федеральный исследовательский центр фундаментальной и трансляционной медицины<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Research Institute of Virology, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>26</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>515</fpage><lpage>526</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Пальянов А.Ю., Девятериков А.П., Пальянова Н.В., Шестопалов А.М., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Пальянов А.Ю., Девятериков А.П., Пальянова Н.В., Шестопалов А.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Palyanov A.Y., Devyaterikov A.P., Palyanova N.V., Shestopalov A.M.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/5120">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/5120</self-uri><abstract><p>Вирус SARS-CoV-2 остается заметной угрозой для человечества, поскольку продолжает циркулировать и эволюционировать. При этом продолжающийся глобальный мониторинг и накопление геномных данных позволяют детально изучать эволюционные механизмы. В нашей работе мы анализируем репликационно-транскрипционный комплекс (RTC, nsp7–nsp14) – более консервативную, чем S-белок, напрямую связанный с инфекционностью и избеганием иммунитета, но все-таки динамично эволюционирующую часть генома – в течение 5.5-летнего периода (декабрь 2019 г. – июль 2025 г.). Исследование сосредоточено на аминокислотных заменах, присутствующих по крайней мере в 1 % доступных в базе GISAID геномов, их временнóй динамике, совместной встречаемости и структурном контексте. Мы идентифицировали 22 таких точечных аминокислотных замены, проанализировали их недельную динамику, выявили три различных временны’ х паттерна и рассчитали частоты для групп мутаций (пары, тройки и т. д.), одновременно присутствующих в геномах. Примечательно, что все изученные замены были однонуклеотидными. Мы визуализировали аминокислотные остатки, соответствующие рассмотренным мутациям, на трехмерной структуре RTC, описали их особенности и обобщили данные литературы для изучения известных функциональных последствий. Одна из мутаций, nsp12:G671S, продемонстрировала уникальную динамику: она появлялась, доминировала в глобальном масштабе в течение нескольких месяцев, затем исчезала дважды, а в 2025 г. появилась в третий раз. При этом она всегда сопровождалась набором сопутствующих мутаций в комплексе RTC, что делает ее потенциальным индикатором изменений в геноме, т. е. необходимо продолжить отслеживание ее динамики. Кроме того, наш анализ временны’ х линий мутаций и вариантов позволяет предположить, что вариант Дельта мог появиться на 7–8 месяцев раньше, чем принято считать. В совокупности эти результаты дают целостное представление о повторяющихся вариациях в RTC, их временны’ х классах и совместной встречаемости, а также о структурном контексте, подчеркивая ценность систематического мониторинга nsp7–nsp14 наряду с анализом, сфокусированным на структурных белках.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to evolve and remains a significant public health threat, while the worldwide monitoring and sequencing of its genomic variants provide a unique opportunity to study its evolution and better understand its molecular mechanisms. In our work, we analyze its replication-transcription complex (RTC) over a 5.5-year period (December 2019–July 2025). This complex is significantly more conserved (as any alteration impairing its function prevents viral replication) than the S-protein (directly impacting infectivity and immune evasion) but still dynamically evolving part of the genome. The study focuses on high-frequency substitutions, their temporal behavior, co-occurrence, and structural context. Using genomes from GISAID, we identified 22 amino acid point mutations present in at least 1 % of currently available sequences, analyzed their weekly dynamics, revealed three distinct temporal patterns, and enumerated frequent co-occurring groups (pairs, triplets, and larger sets) within the same genomes. We mapped the affected residues onto an RTC 3D structure and reviewed the literature to examine the reported functional consequences. Notably, all these substitutions were single-nucleotide. One of the mutations, nsp12:G671S, showed a unique dynamic feature: it emerged, dominated globally for months, disappeared twice, and in 2025 reappeared for the 3rd time, always accompanied with other mutations in the RTC. Thus, it was interesting to trace its dynamics as an indicator of probable changes. In addition, our analysis of mutation and variant timelines suggests that the Delta variant may have emerged 7–8 months earlier than commonly reported. Taken together, these results provide a consolidated view of recurrent RTC variation, its temporal classes, co-occurrence, and structural context, underscoring the value of systematic surveillance of nsp7–nsp14 alongside analyses focused on structural proteins.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>RdRp</kwd><kwd>RTC</kwd><kwd>эволюция</kwd><kwd>замены</kwd><kwd>мутации</kwd><kwd>динамика</kwd><kwd>анализ</kwd><kwd>nsp12:G671S</kwd><kwd>Дельта</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd><kwd>RdRp</kwd><kwd>RTC</kwd><kwd>evolution</kwd><kwd>substitutions</kwd><kwd>mutations</kwd><kwd>dynamics</kwd><kwd>analysis</kwd><kwd>nsp12:G671S</kwd><kwd>Delta</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="en"><funding-statement>This research was funded by the Russian Science Foundation, project 23-64-00005</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abbasian M.H., Mahmanzar M., Rahimian K., Mahdavi B., Tokhanbigli S., Moradi B., Sisakht M.M., Deng Y. 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