vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/vjgb-26-73vavilov-5225Research ArticleГЕНЕТИКА РАСТЕНИЙPLANT GENETICSИзменение длины теломер растений Arabidopsis thaliana в результате инфицирования фитопатогенными бактериями Pseudomonas syringae DC3000Changes in telomere length in Arabidopsis thaliana plants infected with the phytopathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae DC3000СанниковаА. В.SannikovaA. V.

Казань

Kazan

АбдулкинаЛ. Р.AbdulkinaL. R.

Казань

Kazan

ШариповаМ. Р.SharipovaM. R.

Казань

Kazan

ВалееваЛ. Р.ValeevaL. R.

Казань

Kazan

liarvaleeva@gmail.comИнститут фундаментальной медицины и биологии, Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университетРоссияInstitute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal UniversityRussian Federation202626082026305725734Copyright © Санникова А.В., Абдулкина Л.Р., Шарипова М.Р., Валеева Л.Р., 20262026Санникова А.В., Абдулкина Л.Р., Шарипова М.Р., Валеева Л.Р.Sannikova A.V., Abdulkina L.R., Sharipova M.R., Valeeva L.R.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/5225

Ключевым структурно-функциональным элементом, обеспечивающим стабильность генома большинства эукариот, являются теломеры – специализированные нуклеопротеиновые комплексы на физических концах линейных хромосом. Одна из важнейших характеристик теломер, определяющих их защитный потенциал, – длина теломерной ДНК. У растений Arabidopsis thaliana она варьирует среди экотипов, что может указывать на роль теломер в адаптации к различным условиям окружающей среды и стрессу, включая воздействие фитопатогенов. Однако механизмы регуляции длины теломер при биотическом стрессе остаются неизученными. В статье представлены результаты исследования зависимости длины теломер A. thaliana от инфицирования фитопатогенным штаммом Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. В работе использовались природные экотипы растений Col-0 (средняя длина теломер) и Sf-2 (длинные теломеры), а также мутантные линии с нарушением регуляции длины теломер и с теломерным фенотипом дикого типа, oli5-2–/– и nop2c-2–/– соответственно. Установлено, что восприимчивость к фитопатогену различается у растений разных генотипов: линия oli5-2–/– с короткими теломерами проявляла наибольшую чувствительность, в том числе по сравнению с диким типом и линией nop2c-2–/–, в то время как растения экотипа с длинными теломерами Sf-2 отличались наибольшей устойчивостью. Значимое укорочение длины теломер на третьи сутки после инфицирования было обнаружено на коротком плече хромосомы 4 у инфицированных растений линии nop2c-2–/–, тогда как длина теломер инфицированных растений oli5-2–/– незначительно сокращалась на третьи сутки и возрастала на седьмые сутки после инфицирования, что указывает на динамичность регуляции длины теломер при стрессе. Длина теломер растений дикого типа значительно не изменялась при инфицировании. Наиболее устойчивая линия Sf-2 сохраняла длину теломер на третьи и седьмые сутки после инфицирования, но на 18-е сутки происходило значительное укорочение теломер. Таким образом, впервые показано, что фитопатогенная инфекция влияет на длину теломер у растений, что открывает новое направление в изучении их регуляции при биотическом стрессе. 

Telomeres are specialized nucleoprotein complexes at the physical ends of linear chromosomes of most eukaryotes that represent a key structural element in genome stability regulation. One of the most important characteristics determining the protective capacity of telomeres is telomere length (TL). In Arabidopsis thaliana, telomere length varies among ecotypes, which may be considered as an adaptive mechanism to various environmental and stress conditions, including phytopathogenic infections. However, the mechanisms of TL regulation under biotic stress remain unclear. Here, we show the results of our study of the TL changes in A. thaliana plants under the Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 infection. In the study, we used natural ecotypes Col-0 (medium telomere length) and Sf-2 (long telomeres), as well as mutant plant lines with disordered and wild-type telomere length phenotypes, oli5- 2–/– and nop2c-2–/–, respectively. It was found that susceptibility to the phytopathogen varies in plants: the line with short telomeres, oli5-2–/–, showed the highest sensitivity compared to the WT and nop2c-2–/–. Sf-2 plants possessed the highest resistance to the infection. Significant shortening of TL on the third day after infection was found on the short arm of chromosome 4 of infected nop2c-2–/– plants, whereas TL of infected oli5-2–/– plants slightly decreased on the third day and increased on the seventh day after infection. The most resistant line Sf-2 retained TL on the third and seventh days after infection but significantly lost it on the 18th day. So, it was shown for the first time that phytopathogenic infection affects telomere length in plants, which opens a new direction in the study of plant telomere regulation under biotic stress. 

теломеры растенийстабильность ДНКбиотический стрессбактериальная инфекциярибосомные белкиметилтрансфераза рРНКфитопатогеныplant telomeresDNA stabilitybiotic stressbacterial infectionribosomal proteinsrRNA methyltransferasephytopathogensThe study was supported by the Strategic Academic Leadership Program (PRIORITY-2030).The study was supported by the Strategic Academic Leadership Program (PRIORITY-2030).ReferencesAbdulkina L.R., Kobayashi C., Lovell J.T., Chastukhina I.B., Aklilu B.B., Agabekian I.A., Suescún A.V., Valeeva L.R., Nyamsuren C., Aglyamova G.V., Sharipova M.R., Shippen D.E., Juenger T.E., Shakirov E.V. Components of the ribosome biogenesis pathway underlie establishment of telomere length set point in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):5479. doi 10.1038/s41467-019-13448-zAbdulkina L.R., Kobayashi C., Lovell J.T., Chastukhina I.B., Aklilu B.B., Agabekian I.A., Suescún A.V., Valeeva L.R., Nyamsuren C., Aglyamova G.V., Sharipova M.R., Shippen D.E., Juenger T.E., Shakirov E.V. Components of the ribosome biogenesis pathway underlie establishment of telomere length set point in Arabidopsis. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):5479. doi 10.1038/s41467-019-13448-zAgabekian I.A., Abdulkina L.R., Lushnenko A.Y., Young P.G., Valeeva L.R., Boskovic O., Lilly E.G., Sharipova M.R., Shippen D.E., Juenger T.E., Shakirov E.V. Arabidopsis AN3 and OLIGOCELLULA genes link telomere maintenance mechanisms with cell division and expansion control. Plant Mol Biol. 2024;114(3):65. doi 10.1007/s11103-024-01457-6Agabekian I.A., Abdulkina L.R., Lushnenko A.Y., Young P.G., Valeeva L.R., Boskovic O., Lilly E.G., Sharipova M.R., Shippen D.E., Juenger T.E., Shakirov E.V. Arabidopsis AN3 and OLIGOCELLULA genes link telomere maintenance mechanisms with cell division and expansion control. Plant Mol Biol. 2024;114(3):65. doi 10.1007/s11103-024-01457-6Alonso C., Ramos-Cruz D., Becker C. The role of plant epigenetics in biotic interactions. New Phytol. 2018;221(2):731-737. doi 10.1111/nph.15408Alonso C., Ramos-Cruz D., Becker C. The role of plant epigenetics in biotic interactions. New Phytol. 2018;221(2):731-737. doi 10.1111/nph.15408Amiard S., Olivier M., Allain E., Choi K., Smith-Unna R., Henderson I.R., White C.I., Gallego M.E. Telomere stability and development of ctc1 mutants are rescued by inhibition of EJ recombination pathways in a telomerase-dependent manner. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014;42(19):11979-11991. doi 10.1093/nar/gku897Amiard S., Olivier M., Allain E., Choi K., Smith-Unna R., Henderson I.R., White C.I., Gallego M.E. Telomere stability and development of ctc1 mutants are rescued by inhibition of EJ recombination pathways in a telomerase-dependent manner. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014;42(19):11979-11991. doi 10.1093/nar/gku897Barcenilla B.B., Meyers A.D., Castillo-González C., Young P., Min J.H., Song J., Phadke C., Land E., Canaday E., Perera I.Y., Bailey S.M., Aquilano R., Wyatt S.E., Shippen D.E. Arabidopsis telomerase takes off by uncoupling enzyme activity from telomere length maintenance in space. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):7854. doi 10.1038/s41467-023-41510-4Barcenilla B.B., Meyers A.D., Castillo-González C., Young P., Min J.H., Song J., Phadke C., Land E., Canaday E., Perera I.Y., Bailey S.M., Aquilano R., Wyatt S.E., Shippen D.E. Arabidopsis telomerase takes off by uncoupling enzyme activity from telomere length maintenance in space. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):7854. doi 10.1038/s41467-023-41510-4Bellon M., Nicot C. Telomere dynamics in immune senescence and exhaustion triggered by chronic viral infection. Viruses. 2017;9(10): 289. doi 10.3390/v9100289Bellon M., Nicot C. Telomere dynamics in immune senescence and exhaustion triggered by chronic viral infection. Viruses. 2017;9(10): 289. doi 10.3390/v9100289Burgess A.L., David R., Searle I.R. Conservation of tRNA and rRNA 5-methylcytosine in the kingdom Plantae. BMC Plant Biol. 2015; 15:199. doi 10.1186/s12870-015-0580-8Burgess A.L., David R., Searle I.R. Conservation of tRNA and rRNA 5-methylcytosine in the kingdom Plantae. BMC Plant Biol. 2015; 15:199. doi 10.1186/s12870-015-0580-8Cai J., Shen L., Kang H., Xu T. RNA modifications in plant adaptation to abiotic stresses. Plant Commun. 2025;6(2):101229. doi 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.101229Cai J., Shen L., Kang H., Xu T. RNA modifications in plant adaptation to abiotic stresses. Plant Commun. 2025;6(2):101229. doi 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.101229Campitelli B.E., Razzaque S., Barbero B., Abdulkina L.R., Hall M.H., Shippen D.E., Juenger T.E., Shakirov E.V. Plasticity, pleiotropy and fitness trade-offs in Arabidopsis genotypes with different telomere lengths. New Phytol. 2022;233(4):1939-1952. doi 10.1111/nph.17880Campitelli B.E., Razzaque S., Barbero B., Abdulkina L.R., Hall M.H., Shippen D.E., Juenger T.E., Shakirov E.V. Plasticity, pleiotropy and fitness trade-offs in Arabidopsis genotypes with different telomere lengths. New Phytol. 2022;233(4):1939-1952. doi 10.1111/nph.17880Castillo-González C., Barbero Barcenilla B., Young P.G., Hall E., Shippen D.E. Quantification of 8-oxoG in plant telomeres. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(9):4990. doi 10.3390/ijms23094990Castillo-González C., Barbero Barcenilla B., Young P.G., Hall E., Shippen D.E. Quantification of 8-oxoG in plant telomeres. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(9):4990. doi 10.3390/ijms23094990Chakraborty S.P., Kar Mahapatra S., Sahu S.K., Das S., Tripathy S., Dash S., Pramanik P., Roy S. Internalization of Staphylococcus aureus in lymphocytes induces oxidative stress and DNA fragmentation: possible ameliorative role of nanoconjugated vancomycin. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2011;2011:942123. doi 10.1155/2011/942123Chakraborty S.P., Kar Mahapatra S., Sahu S.K., Das S., Tripathy S., Dash S., Pramanik P., Roy S. Internalization of Staphylococcus aureus in lymphocytes induces oxidative stress and DNA fragmentation: possible ameliorative role of nanoconjugated vancomycin. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2011;2011:942123. doi 10.1155/2011/942123Choi J.Y., Abdulkina L.R., Yin J., Chastukhina I.B., Lovell J.T., Agabekian I.A., Young P.G., Razzaque S., Shippen D.E., Juen ger T.E., Shakirov E.V., Purugganan M.D. Natural variation in plant telomere length is associated with flowering time. Plant Cell. 2021;33(4): 1118-1134. doi 10.1093/plcell/koab022Choi J.Y., Abdulkina L.R., Yin J., Chastukhina I.B., Lovell J.T., Agabekian I.A., Young P.G., Razzaque S., Shippen D.E., Juen ger T.E., Shakirov E.V., Purugganan M.D. Natural variation in plant telomere length is associated with flowering time. Plant Cell. 2021;33(4): 1118-1134. doi 10.1093/plcell/koab022Corrêa R.L., Kutnjak D., Ambrós S., Bustos M., Elena S.F. Identification of epigenetically regulated genes involved in plant-virus interaction and their role in virus-triggered induced resistance. BMC Plant Biol. 2024;24(1):172. doi 10.1186/s12870-024-04866-3Corrêa R.L., Kutnjak D., Ambrós S., Bustos M., Elena S.F. Identification of epigenetically regulated genes involved in plant-virus interaction and their role in virus-triggered induced resistance. BMC Plant Biol. 2024;24(1):172. doi 10.1186/s12870-024-04866-3Di Pietro E., Burla R., La Torre M., González-García M.P., Dello Ioio R., Saggio I. Telomeres: an organized string linking plants and mammals. Biol Direct. 2024;19(1):119. doi 10.1186/s13062-024-00558-yDi Pietro E., Burla R., La Torre M., González-García M.P., Dello Ioio R., Saggio I. Telomeres: an organized string linking plants and mammals. Biol Direct. 2024;19(1):119. doi 10.1186/s13062-024-00558-yDos Santos G.A., Pimenta R., Viana N.I., Guimarães V.R., Romão P., Candido P., de Camargo J.A., Hatanaka D.M., Queiroz P.G.S., Teruya A., Leite K.R.M., Srougi V., Srougi M., Reis S.T. Shorter leukocyte telomere length is associated with severity of COVID-19 infection. Biochem Biophys Rep. 2021;27:101056. doi 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101056Dos Santos G.A., Pimenta R., Viana N.I., Guimarães V.R., Romão P., Candido P., de Camargo J.A., Hatanaka D.M., Queiroz P.G.S., Teruya A., Leite K.R.M., Srougi V., Srougi M., Reis S.T. Shorter leukocyte telomere length is associated with severity of COVID-19 infection. Biochem Biophys Rep. 2021;27:101056. doi 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101056Dowd J.B., Bosch J.A., Steptoe A., Jayabalasingham B., Lin J., Yolken R., Aiello A.E. Persistent herpesvirus infections and telomere attrition over 3 years in the Whitehall II cohort. J Infect Dis. 2017; 216(5):565-572. doi 10.1093/infdis/jix255Dowd J.B., Bosch J.A., Steptoe A., Jayabalasingham B., Lin J., Yolken R., Aiello A.E. Persistent herpesvirus infections and telomere attrition over 3 years in the Whitehall II cohort. J Infect Dis. 2017; 216(5):565-572. doi 10.1093/infdis/jix255Dowen R.H., Pelizzola M., Schmitz R.J., Lister R., Dowen J.M., Nery J.R., Dixon J.E., Ecker J.R. Widespread dynamic DNA methylation in response to biotic stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012;Dowen R.H., Pelizzola M., Schmitz R.J., Lister R., Dowen J.M., Nery J.R., Dixon J.E., Ecker J.R. Widespread dynamic DNA methylation in response to biotic stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012;(32):E2183-E2191. doi 10.1073/pnas.1209329109(32):E2183-E2191. doi 10.1073/pnas.1209329109Dvorak P., Krasylenko Y., Zeiner A., Šamaj J., Takáč T. Signaling toward reactive oxygen species-scavenging enzymes in plants. Front Plant Sci. 2021;11:618835. doi 10.3389/fpls.2020.618835Dvorak P., Krasylenko Y., Zeiner A., Šamaj J., Takáč T. Signaling toward reactive oxygen species-scavenging enzymes in plants. Front Plant Sci. 2021;11:618835. doi 10.3389/fpls.2020.618835Fakih Z., Germain H. Implication of ribosomal protein in abiotic and bio tic stress. Planta. 2025;261(4):85. doi 10.1007/s00425-025-04665-6Fakih Z., Germain H. Implication of ribosomal protein in abiotic and bio tic stress. Planta. 2025;261(4):85. doi 10.1007/s00425-025-04665-6Fakih Z., Plourde M.B., Germain H. Differential participation of plant ribosomal proteins from the small ribosomal subunit in protein translation under stress. Biomolecules. 2023;13(7):1160. doi 10.3390/biom13071160Fakih Z., Plourde M.B., Germain H. Differential participation of plant ribosomal proteins from the small ribosomal subunit in protein translation under stress. Biomolecules. 2023;13(7):1160. doi 10.3390/biom13071160Fujikura U., Horiguchi G., Ponce M.R., Micol J.L., Tsukaya H. Coordination of cell proliferation and cell expansion mediated by ribosomerelated processes in the leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 2009;59(3):499-508. doi 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2009.03886.xFujikura U., Horiguchi G., Ponce M.R., Micol J.L., Tsukaya H. Coordination of cell proliferation and cell expansion mediated by ribosomerelated processes in the leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 2009;59(3):499-508. doi 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2009.03886.xGan S. Mitotic and postmitotic senescence in plants. Sci Aging Knowledge Environ. 2003;2003(38):re7. doi 10.1126/sageke.2003.38.re7Gan S. Mitotic and postmitotic senescence in plants. Sci Aging Knowledge Environ. 2003;2003(38):re7. doi 10.1126/sageke.2003.38.re7Giraudeau M., Heidinger B., Bonneaud C., Sepp T. Telomere shortening as a mechanism of long­term cost of infectious diseases in natural animal populations. Biol Lett. 2019;15(5):20190190. doi 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0190Giraudeau M., Heidinger B., Bonneaud C., Sepp T. Telomere shortening as a mechanism of long­term cost of infectious diseases in natural animal populations. Biol Lett. 2019;15(5):20190190. doi 10.1098/rsbl.2019.0190Gould K.S. Nature’s Swiss army knife: the diverse protective roles of anthocyanins in leaves. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2004;2004(5):314-320. doi 10.1155/S1110724304406147Gould K.S. Nature’s Swiss army knife: the diverse protective roles of anthocyanins in leaves. J Biomed Biotechnol. 2004;2004(5):314-320. doi 10.1155/S1110724304406147Graakjaer J., Bischoff C., Korsholm L., Holstebroe S., Vach W., Bohr V.A., Christensen K., Kølvraa S. The pattern of chromosomespecific variations in telomere length in humans is determined by inherited, telomere-near factors and is maintained throughout life. Mech Ageing Dev. 2003;124(5):629-640. doi 10.1016/s0047-6374(03)00081-2Graakjaer J., Bischoff C., Korsholm L., Holstebroe S., Vach W., Bohr V.A., Christensen K., Kølvraa S. The pattern of chromosomespecific variations in telomere length in humans is determined by inherited, telomere-near factors and is maintained throughout life. Mech Ageing Dev. 2003;124(5):629-640. doi 10.1016/s0047-6374(03)00081-2Guo W., Xing Y., Luo X., Li F., Ren M., Liang Y. Reactive oxygen species: a crosslink between plant and human eukaryotic cell systems. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(17):13052. doi 10.3390/ijms241713052Guo W., Xing Y., Luo X., Li F., Ren M., Liang Y. Reactive oxygen species: a crosslink between plant and human eukaryotic cell systems. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(17):13052. doi 10.3390/ijms241713052Haghpanah M., Namdari A., Kaleji M.K., Nikbakht-Dehkordi A., Arzani A., Araniti F. Interplay between ROS and hormones in plant defense against pathogens. Plants. 2025;14(9):1297. doi 10.3390/plants14091297Haghpanah M., Namdari A., Kaleji M.K., Nikbakht-Dehkordi A., Arzani A., Araniti F. Interplay between ROS and hormones in plant defense against pathogens. Plants. 2025;14(9):1297. doi 10.3390/plants14091297Hannan Parker A., Wilkinson S.W., Ton J. Epigenetics: a catalyst of plant immunity against pathogens. New Phytol. 2022;233(1):66-83. doi 10.1111/nph.17699Hannan Parker A., Wilkinson S.W., Ton J. Epigenetics: a catalyst of plant immunity against pathogens. New Phytol. 2022;233(1):66-83. doi 10.1111/nph.17699Heacock M., Spangler E., Riha K., Puizina J., Shippen D.E. Molecular analysis of telomere fusions in Arabidopsis: multiple pathways for chromosome end-joining. EMBO J. 2004;23(11):2304-2313. doi 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600236Heacock M., Spangler E., Riha K., Puizina J., Shippen D.E. Molecular analysis of telomere fusions in Arabidopsis: multiple pathways for chromosome end-joining. EMBO J. 2004;23(11):2304-2313. doi 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600236Ishiga Y., Ishiga T., Uppalapati S.R., Mysore K.S. Arabidopsis seedling flood-inoculation technique: a rapid and reliable assay for studying plant-bacterial interactions. Plant Methods. 2011;7:32. doi 10.1186/1746-4811-7-32Ishiga Y., Ishiga T., Uppalapati S.R., Mysore K.S. Arabidopsis seedling flood-inoculation technique: a rapid and reliable assay for studying plant-bacterial interactions. Plant Methods. 2011;7:32. doi 10.1186/1746-4811-7-32Ji Y., Dang X., Nguyen L.N.T., Nguyen L.N., Zhao J., Cao D., Khanal S., … El Gazzar M., Ning S., Wang L., Moorman J.P., Yao Z.Q. Topological DNA damage, telomere attrition and T cell senescence during chronic viral infections. Immun Ageing. 2019;16:12. doi 10.1186/s12979-019-0153-zJi Y., Dang X., Nguyen L.N.T., Nguyen L.N., Zhao J., Cao D., Khanal S., … El Gazzar M., Ning S., Wang L., Moorman J.P., Yao Z.Q. Topological DNA damage, telomere attrition and T cell senescence during chronic viral infections. Immun Ageing. 2019;16:12. doi 10.1186/s12979-019-0153-zKamranvar S.A., Masucci M.G. Regulation of telomere homeostasis during Epstein–Barr virus infection and immortalization. Viruses. 2017;9(10):217. doi 10.3390/v9080217Kamranvar S.A., Masucci M.G. Regulation of telomere homeostasis during Epstein–Barr virus infection and immortalization. Viruses. 2017;9(10):217. doi 10.3390/v9080217Karell P., Bensch S., Ahola K., Asghar M. Pale and dark morphs of tawny owls show different patterns of telomere dynamics in relation to disease status. Proc Biol Sci. 2017;284(1859):20171127. doi 10.1098/rspb.2017.1127Karell P., Bensch S., Ahola K., Asghar M. Pale and dark morphs of tawny owls show different patterns of telomere dynamics in relation to disease status. Proc Biol Sci. 2017;284(1859):20171127. doi 10.1098/rspb.2017.1127Karimian K., Groot A., Huso V., Kahidi R., Tan K.T., Sholes S., Keener R., McDyer J.F., Alder J.K., Li H., Rechtsteiner A., Greider C.W. Human telomere length is chromosome end-specific and conserved across individuals. Science. 2024;384(6695):533-539. doi 10.1126/science.ado0431Karimian K., Groot A., Huso V., Kahidi R., Tan K.T., Sholes S., Keener R., McDyer J.F., Alder J.K., Li H., Rechtsteiner A., Greider C.W. Human telomere length is chromosome end-specific and conserved across individuals. Science. 2024;384(6695):533-539. doi 10.1126/science.ado0431Katagiri F., Thilmony R., He S.Y. The Arabidopsis thaliana–Pseudomonas syringae interaction. Arabidopsis Book. 2002;1:e0039. doi 10.1199/tab.0039Katagiri F., Thilmony R., He S.Y. The Arabidopsis thaliana–Pseudomonas syringae interaction. Arabidopsis Book. 2002;1:e0039. doi 10.1199/tab.0039Kobayashi C.R. Gene Evolution and Function in Arabidopsis Telomere Biology System. PhD Dissertation. College Station, TX, USA: Texas A&M University, 2018 Kong F., Yang L. Pathogen-triggered changes in plant development: virulence strategies or host defense mechanism? Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1122947. doi 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1122947Kobayashi C.R. Gene Evolution and Function in Arabidopsis Telomere Biology System. PhD Dissertation. College Station, TX, USA: Texas A&M University, 2018 Kong F., Yang L. Pathogen-triggered changes in plant development: virulence strategies or host defense mechanism? Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1122947. doi 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1122947Li Z., Ahammed G.J. Hormonal regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis for improved stress tolerance in plants. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2023;201:107835. doi 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107835Li Z., Ahammed G.J. Hormonal regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis for improved stress tolerance in plants. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2023;201:107835. doi 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107835Lim Y.S., Nguyen M.T.N., Pham T.X., Huynh T.T.X., Park E.M., Choi D.H., Kang S.M., Tark D., Hwang S.B. Hepatitis C virus nonstructural 5A protein interacts with telomere length regulation protein: implications for telomere shortening in patients infected with HCV. Mol Cells. 2022;45(3):148-157. doi 10.14348/molcells.2021.0167Lim Y.S., Nguyen M.T.N., Pham T.X., Huynh T.T.X., Park E.M., Choi D.H., Kang S.M., Tark D., Hwang S.B. Hepatitis C virus nonstructural 5A protein interacts with telomere length regulation protein: implications for telomere shortening in patients infected with HCV. Mol Cells. 2022;45(3):148-157. doi 10.14348/molcells.2021.0167Lindsey B.E. 3rd, Rivero L., Calhoun C.S., Grotewold E., Brkljacic J. Standardized method for high-throughput sterilization of Arabidopsis seeds. J Vis Exp. 2017;128:56587. doi 10.3791/56587Lindsey B.E. 3rd, Rivero L., Calhoun C.S., Grotewold E., Brkljacic J. Standardized method for high-throughput sterilization of Arabidopsis seeds. J Vis Exp. 2017;128:56587. doi 10.3791/56587Lippert T.P., Marzec P., Idilli A.I., Sarek G., Vancevska A., Bower M., Farrell P.J., Ojala P.M., Feldhahn N., Boulton S.J. Oncogenic herpesvirus KSHV triggers hallmarks of alternative lengthening of telomeres. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):512. doi 10.1038/s41467-020-20819-4Lippert T.P., Marzec P., Idilli A.I., Sarek G., Vancevska A., Bower M., Farrell P.J., Ojala P.M., Feldhahn N., Boulton S.J. Oncogenic herpesvirus KSHV triggers hallmarks of alternative lengthening of telomeres. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):512. doi 10.1038/s41467-020-20819-4Liu C., Liu Q., Mou Z. Redox signaling and oxidative stress in systemic acquired resistance. J Exp Bot. 2024;75(15):4535-4548. doi 10.1093/jxb/erae193Liu C., Liu Q., Mou Z. Redox signaling and oxidative stress in systemic acquired resistance. J Exp Bot. 2024;75(15):4535-4548. doi 10.1093/jxb/erae193Liu X., Dakic A., Chen R., Disbrow G.L., Zhang Y., Dai Y., Schlegel R. Cell-restricted immortalization by human papillomavirus correlates with telomerase activation and engagement of the hTERT promoter by Myc. J Virol. 2008;82(23):11568-11576. doi 10.1128/JVI.01318-08Liu X., Dakic A., Chen R., Disbrow G.L., Zhang Y., Dai Y., Schlegel R. Cell-restricted immortalization by human papillomavirus correlates with telomerase activation and engagement of the hTERT promoter by Myc. J Virol. 2008;82(23):11568-11576. doi 10.1128/JVI.01318-08López Sánchez A., Stassen J.H., Furci L., Smith L.M., Ton J. The role of DNA (de)methylation in immune responsiveness of Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2016;88(3):361-374. doi 10.1111/tpj.13252López Sánchez A., Stassen J.H., Furci L., Smith L.M., Ton J. The role of DNA (de)methylation in immune responsiveness of Arabidopsis. Plant J. 2016;88(3):361-374. doi 10.1111/tpj.13252Lyčka M., Peska V., Demko M., Spyroglou I., Kilar A., Fajkus J., Fojtová M. WALTER: an easy way to online evaluate telomere lengths from terminal restriction fragment analysis. BMC Bioinformatics. 2021;22(1):145. doi 10.1186/s12859-021-04064-0Lyčka M., Peska V., Demko M., Spyroglou I., Kilar A., Fajkus J., Fojtová M. WALTER: an easy way to online evaluate telomere lengths from terminal restriction fragment analysis. BMC Bioinformatics. 2021;22(1):145. doi 10.1186/s12859-021-04064-0Maekawa S., Yanagisawa S. Ribosome biogenesis factor OLI2 and its interactor BRX1-2 are associated with morphogenesis and lifespan extension in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Biotechnol (Tokyo). 2021;38(1):117-125. doi 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.20.1224aMaekawa S., Yanagisawa S. Ribosome biogenesis factor OLI2 and its interactor BRX1-2 are associated with morphogenesis and lifespan extension in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Biotechnol (Tokyo). 2021;38(1):117-125. doi 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.20.1224aMayer K., Schüller C., Wambutt R., Murphy G., Volckaert G., Pohl T., Düsterhöft A., … Johnson A., Chen E., Marra M., Martienssen R., McCombie W.R. Sequence and analysis of chromosome 4 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature. 1999;402(6763):769-777. doi 10.1038/47134Mayer K., Schüller C., Wambutt R., Murphy G., Volckaert G., Pohl T., Düsterhöft A., … Johnson A., Chen E., Marra M., Martienssen R., McCombie W.R. Sequence and analysis of chromosome 4 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature. 1999;402(6763):769-777. doi 10.1038/47134McKnight T.D., Riha K., Shippen D.E. Telomeres, telomerase, and stability of the plant genome. Plant Mol Biol. 2002;48(4):331-337. doi 10.1023/a:1014091032750McKnight T.D., Riha K., Shippen D.E. Telomeres, telomerase, and stability of the plant genome. Plant Mol Biol. 2002;48(4):331-337. doi 10.1023/a:1014091032750Pavet V., Quintero C., Cecchini N.M., Rosa A.L., Alvarez M.E. Arabidopsis displays centromeric DNA hypomethylation and cytological alterations of heterochromatin upon attack by Pseudomonas syringae. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2006;19(6):577-587. doi 10.1094/MPMI-19-0577Pavet V., Quintero C., Cecchini N.M., Rosa A.L., Alvarez M.E. Arabidopsis displays centromeric DNA hypomethylation and cytological alterations of heterochromatin upon attack by Pseudomonas syringae. Mol Plant Microbe Interact. 2006;19(6):577-587. doi 10.1094/MPMI-19-0577Perner S., Brüderlein S., Hasel C., Waibel I., Holdenried A., Ciloglu N., Chopurian H., Nielsen K.V., Plesch A., Högel J., Möller P. Quantifying telomere lengths of human individual chromosome arms by centromere-calibrated fluorescence in situ hybridization and digital imaging. Am J Pathol. 2003;163(5):1751-1756. doi 10.1016/S00029440(10)63534-1Perner S., Brüderlein S., Hasel C., Waibel I., Holdenried A., Ciloglu N., Chopurian H., Nielsen K.V., Plesch A., Högel J., Möller P. Quantifying telomere lengths of human individual chromosome arms by centromere-calibrated fluorescence in situ hybridization and digital imaging. Am J Pathol. 2003;163(5):1751-1756. doi 10.1016/S00029440(10)63534-1Peska V., Garcia S. Origin, diversity, and evolution of telomere sequences in plants. Front Plant Sci. 2020;11:117. doi 10.3389/fpls.2020.00117Peska V., Garcia S. Origin, diversity, and evolution of telomere sequences in plants. Front Plant Sci. 2020;11:117. doi 10.3389/fpls.2020.00117Puschhof J., Sears C.L. Microbial metabolites damage DNA. Science. 2022;378(6618):358-359. doi 10.1126/science.ade6952Puschhof J., Sears C.L. Microbial metabolites damage DNA. Science. 2022;378(6618):358-359. doi 10.1126/science.ade6952Ravindran S., Underwood S.L., Dorrens J., Seeker L.A., Watt K., Wilbourn R.V., Sparks A.M., … McNeilly T.N., Harrington L., Pemberton J.M., Nussey D.H., Froy H. No correlative evidence of costs of infection or immunity on leucocyte telomere length in a wild population of Soay sheep. Proc Biol Sci. 2024;291(2020):20232946. doi 10.1098/rspb.2023.2946Ravindran S., Underwood S.L., Dorrens J., Seeker L.A., Watt K., Wilbourn R.V., Sparks A.M., … McNeilly T.N., Harrington L., Pemberton J.M., Nussey D.H., Froy H. No correlative evidence of costs of infection or immunity on leucocyte telomere length in a wild population of Soay sheep. Proc Biol Sci. 2024;291(2020):20232946. doi 10.1098/rspb.2023.2946Riha K., Shippen D.E. Telomere structure, function and maintenance in Arabidopsis. Chromosome Res. 2003;11(3):263-275. doi 10.1023/a:1022892010878Riha K., Shippen D.E. Telomere structure, function and maintenance in Arabidopsis. Chromosome Res. 2003;11(3):263-275. doi 10.1023/a:1022892010878Riha K., Watson J.M., Parkey J., Shippen D.E. Telomere length deregulation and enhanced sensitivity to genotoxic stress in Arabidopsis mutants deficient in Ku70. EMBO J. 2002;21(11):2819-2826. doi 10.1093/emboj/21.11.2819Riha K., Watson J.M., Parkey J., Shippen D.E. Telomere length deregulation and enhanced sensitivity to genotoxic stress in Arabidopsis mutants deficient in Ku70. EMBO J. 2002;21(11):2819-2826. doi 10.1093/emboj/21.11.2819Sahu P.K., Jayalakshmi K., Tilgam J., Gupta A., Nagaraju Y., Kumar A., Hamid S., Singh H.V., Minkina T., Rajput V.D., Rajawat M.V.S. ROS generated from biotic stress: effects on plants and alleviation by endophytic microbes. Front Plant Sci. 2022;13:1042936. doi 10.3389/fpls.2022.1042936Sahu P.K., Jayalakshmi K., Tilgam J., Gupta A., Nagaraju Y., Kumar A., Hamid S., Singh H.V., Minkina T., Rajput V.D., Rajawat M.V.S. ROS generated from biotic stress: effects on plants and alleviation by endophytic microbes. Front Plant Sci. 2022;13:1042936. doi 10.3389/fpls.2022.1042936Salimi-Jeda A., Badrzadeh F., Esghaei M., Abdoli A. The role of telomerase and viruses interaction in cancer development, and telomerase-dependent therapeutic approaches. Cancer Treat Res Commun. 2021;27:100323. doi 10.1016/j.ctarc.2021.100323Salimi-Jeda A., Badrzadeh F., Esghaei M., Abdoli A. The role of telomerase and viruses interaction in cancer development, and telomerase-dependent therapeutic approaches. Cancer Treat Res Commun. 2021;27:100323. doi 10.1016/j.ctarc.2021.100323Schosserer M., Minois N., Angerer T.B., Amring M., Dellago H., Harreither E., Calle-Perez A., … Wilson I.B., Polacek N., Grillari-Voglauer R., Breitenbach-Koller L., Grillari J. Methylation of ribosomal RNA by NSUN5 is a conserved mechanism modulating organismal lifespan. Nat Commun. 2015;6:6158. doi 10.1038/ncomms7158Schosserer M., Minois N., Angerer T.B., Amring M., Dellago H., Harreither E., Calle-Perez A., … Wilson I.B., Polacek N., Grillari-Voglauer R., Breitenbach-Koller L., Grillari J. Methylation of ribosomal RNA by NSUN5 is a conserved mechanism modulating organismal lifespan. Nat Commun. 2015;6:6158. doi 10.1038/ncomms7158Sewelam N., Kazan K., Schenk P.M. Global plant stress signaling: reactive oxygen species at the crossroad. Front Plant Sci. 2016;7:187. doi 10.3389/fpls.2016.00187Sewelam N., Kazan K., Schenk P.M. Global plant stress signaling: reactive oxygen species at the crossroad. Front Plant Sci. 2016;7:187. doi 10.3389/fpls.2016.00187Shakirov E.V., Shippen D.E. Length regulation and dynamics of individual telomere tracts in wild-type Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2004; 16(8):1959-1967. doi 10.1105/tpc.104.023093Shakirov E.V., Shippen D.E. Length regulation and dynamics of individual telomere tracts in wild-type Arabidopsis. Plant Cell. 2004; 16(8):1959-1967. doi 10.1105/tpc.104.023093Shakirov E.V., Chen J.-L., Shippen D.E. Plant telomere biology: the green solution to the end-replication problem. Plant Cell. 2022; 34(7):2492-2504. doi 10.1093/plcell/koac122Shakirov E.V., Chen J.-L., Shippen D.E. Plant telomere biology: the green solution to the end-replication problem. Plant Cell. 2022; 34(7):2492-2504. doi 10.1093/plcell/koac122Sholes S.L., Karimian K., Gershman A., Kelly T.J., Timp W., Greider C.W. Chromosome-specific telomere lengths and the minimal functional telomere revealed by nanopore sequencing. Genome Res. 2022;32(4):616-628. doi 10.1101/gr.275868.121Sholes S.L., Karimian K., Gershman A., Kelly T.J., Timp W., Greider C.W. Chromosome-specific telomere lengths and the minimal functional telomere revealed by nanopore sequencing. Genome Res. 2022;32(4):616-628. doi 10.1101/gr.275868.121Siodmak A., Martinez-Seidel F., Rayapuram N., Bazin J., Alhoraibi H., Gentry-Torfer D., Tabassum N., Sheikh A.H., Kise J.K.G., Blilou I., Crespi M., Kopka J., Hirt H. Dynamics of ribosome composition and ribosomal protein phosphorylation in immune signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nucleic Acids Res. 2023;51(21):11876-11892. doi 10.1093/nar/gkad827Siodmak A., Martinez-Seidel F., Rayapuram N., Bazin J., Alhoraibi H., Gentry-Torfer D., Tabassum N., Sheikh A.H., Kise J.K.G., Blilou I., Crespi M., Kopka J., Hirt H. Dynamics of ribosome composition and ribosomal protein phosphorylation in immune signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. Nucleic Acids Res. 2023;51(21):11876-11892. doi 10.1093/nar/gkad827Solomon W., Janda T., Molnár Z. Unveiling the significance of rhizosphere: implications for plant growth, stress response, and sustainable agriculture. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2024;206:108290. doi 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108290Solomon W., Janda T., Molnár Z. Unveiling the significance of rhizosphere: implications for plant growth, stress response, and sustainable agriculture. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2024;206:108290. doi 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108290Sood M. Reactive oxygen species (ROS): plant perspectives on oxidative signalling and biotic stress response. Discov Plants. 2025;2:187. doi 10.1007/s44372-025-00275-4Sood M. Reactive oxygen species (ROS): plant perspectives on oxidative signalling and biotic stress response. Discov Plants. 2025;2:187. doi 10.1007/s44372-025-00275-4Sudyka J., Podmokła E., Drobniak S.M., Dubiec A., Arct A., Gustafsson L., Cichoń M. Sex-specific effects of parasites on telomere dynamics in a short-lived passerine – the blue tit. Naturwissenschaften. 2019;106(1-2):6. doi 10.1007/s00114-019-1601-5Sudyka J., Podmokła E., Drobniak S.M., Dubiec A., Arct A., Gustafsson L., Cichoń M. Sex-specific effects of parasites on telomere dynamics in a short-lived passerine – the blue tit. Naturwissenschaften. 2019;106(1-2):6. doi 10.1007/s00114-019-1601-5Tabata S., Kaneko T., Nakamura Y., Kotani H., Kato T., Asamizu E., Miyajima N., … Bevan M., Fransz P.; Kazusa DNA Research Institute; Cold Spring Harbor and Washington University in St Louis Sequencing Consortium; European Union Arabidopsis Genome Sequencing Consortium. Sequence and analysis of chromosome 5 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature. 2000;408(6814):823-826. doi 10.1038/35048507Tabata S., Kaneko T., Nakamura Y., Kotani H., Kato T., Asamizu E., Miyajima N., … Bevan M., Fransz P.; Kazusa DNA Research Institute; Cold Spring Harbor and Washington University in St Louis Sequencing Consortium; European Union Arabidopsis Genome Sequencing Consortium. Sequence and analysis of chromosome 5 of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature. 2000;408(6814):823-826. doi 10.1038/35048507Tieu Ngoc L.N., Jung Park S., Thi Huong T., Lee K.H., Kang H. N4- methylcytidine ribosomal RNA methylation in chloroplasts is crucial for chloroplast function, development, and abscisic acid response in Arabidopsis. J Integr Plant Biol. 2021;63(3):570-582. doi 10.1111/jipb.13009Tieu Ngoc L.N., Jung Park S., Thi Huong T., Lee K.H., Kang H. N4- methylcytidine ribosomal RNA methylation in chloroplasts is crucial for chloroplast function, development, and abscisic acid response in Arabidopsis. J Integr Plant Biol. 2021;63(3):570-582. doi 10.1111/jipb.13009Toller I.M., Neelsen K.J., Steger M., Hartung M.L., Hottiger M.O., Stucki M., Kalali B., Gerhard M., Sartori A.A., Lopes M., Müller A. Carcinogenic bacterial pathogen Helicobacter pylori triggers DNA double-strand breaks and a DNA damage response in its host cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108(36):14944-14949. doi 10.1073/pnas.1100959108Toller I.M., Neelsen K.J., Steger M., Hartung M.L., Hottiger M.O., Stucki M., Kalali B., Gerhard M., Sartori A.A., Lopes M., Müller A. Carcinogenic bacterial pathogen Helicobacter pylori triggers DNA double-strand breaks and a DNA damage response in its host cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108(36):14944-14949. doi 10.1073/pnas.1100959108Tornesello M.L., Cerasuolo A., Starita N., Tornesello A.L., Bonelli P., Tuccillo F.M., Buonaguro L., Isaguliants M.G., Buonaguro F.M. The molecular interplay between human oncoviruses and telom erase in cancer development. Cancers (Basel). 2022;14(21):5257. doi 10.3390/cancers14215257Tornesello M.L., Cerasuolo A., Starita N., Tornesello A.L., Bonelli P., Tuccillo F.M., Buonaguro L., Isaguliants M.G., Buonaguro F.M. The molecular interplay between human oncoviruses and telom erase in cancer development. Cancers (Basel). 2022;14(21):5257. doi 10.3390/cancers14215257Tunnicliffe L., Muzambi R., Bartlett J.W., Howe L., Abdul Basit K., Warren-Gash C. Infection and telomere length: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Open. 2024;14(4):e081881. doi 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-081881Tunnicliffe L., Muzambi R., Bartlett J.W., Howe L., Abdul Basit K., Warren-Gash C. Infection and telomere length: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Open. 2024;14(4):e081881. doi 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-081881Valeeva L.R., Abdulkina L.R., Agabekian I.A., Shakirov E.V. Telomere biology and ribosome biogenesis: structural and functional interconnections. Biochem Cell Biol. 2023;101(5):394-409. doi 10.1139/bcb-2022-0383Valeeva L.R., Abdulkina L.R., Agabekian I.A., Shakirov E.V. Telomere biology and ribosome biogenesis: structural and functional interconnections. Biochem Cell Biol. 2023;101(5):394-409. doi 10.1139/bcb-2022-0383Vanderauwera S., Suzuki N., Miller G., van de Cotte B., Morsa S., Ravanat J.L., Hegie A., Triantaphylidès C., Shulaev V., Van Montagu M.C., Van Breusegem F., Mittler R. Extranuclear protection of chromosomal DNA from oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108(4):1711-1716. doi 10.1073/pnas.1018359108Vanderauwera S., Suzuki N., Miller G., van de Cotte B., Morsa S., Ravanat J.L., Hegie A., Triantaphylidès C., Shulaev V., Van Montagu M.C., Van Breusegem F., Mittler R. Extranuclear protection of chromosomal DNA from oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108(4):1711-1716. doi 10.1073/pnas.1018359108Vos S., Martens D.S., De Waele E., Dewyspelaere G., Mistiaen G., Goeminne P., Nawrot T.S. Telomere length and COVID-19 disease severity: insights from hospitalized patients. Front Aging. 2025;6: 1577788. doi 10.3389/fragi.2025.1577788Vos S., Martens D.S., De Waele E., Dewyspelaere G., Mistiaen G., Goeminne P., Nawrot T.S. Telomere length and COVID-19 disease severity: insights from hospitalized patients. Front Aging. 2025;6: 1577788. doi 10.3389/fragi.2025.1577788Wang Z., Zhang X., Liu C., Duncan S., Hang R., Sun J., Luo L., Ding Y., Cao X. AtPRMT3-RPS2B promotes ribosome biogenesis and coordinates growth and cold adaptation trade-off. Nat Commun. 2024;15(1):8693. doi 10.1038/s41467-024-52945-8Wang Z., Zhang X., Liu C., Duncan S., Hang R., Sun J., Luo L., Ding Y., Cao X. AtPRMT3-RPS2B promotes ribosome biogenesis and coordinates growth and cold adaptation trade-off. Nat Commun. 2024;15(1):8693. doi 10.1038/s41467-024-52945-8Watson J.M., Riha K. Comparative biology of telomeres: where plants stand. FEBS Lett. 2010;584(17):3752-3759. doi 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.06.017Watson J.M., Riha K. Comparative biology of telomeres: where plants stand. FEBS Lett. 2010;584(17):3752-3759. doi 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.06.017Watson J.M., Shippen D.E. Telomere rapid deletion regulates telomere length in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Cell Biol. 2007;27(5):17061715. doi 10.1128/MCB.02059-06Watson J.M., Shippen D.E. Telomere rapid deletion regulates telomere length in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol Cell Biol. 2007;27(5):17061715. doi 10.1128/MCB.02059-06Wilson M.R., Jiang Y., Villalta P.W., Stornetta A., Boudreau P.D., Carrá A., Brennan C.A., Chun E., Ngo L., Samson L.D., Engelward B.P., Garrett W.S., Balbo S., Balskus E.P. The human gut bacterial geno­toxin colibactin alkylates DNA. Science. 2019;363(6428):eaar7785. doi 10.1126/science.aar7785Wilson M.R., Jiang Y., Villalta P.W., Stornetta A., Boudreau P.D., Carrá A., Brennan C.A., Chun E., Ngo L., Samson L.D., Engelward B.P., Garrett W.S., Balbo S., Balskus E.P. The human gut bacterial geno­toxin colibactin alkylates DNA. Science. 2019;363(6428):eaar7785. doi 10.1126/science.aar7785Wolf S.E., Zhang S., Clotfelter E.D. Experimental ectoparasite re moval has a sex-specific effect on nestling telomere length. Ecol Evol. 2023;13(3):e9861. doi 10.1002/ece3.9861Wolf S.E., Zhang S., Clotfelter E.D. Experimental ectoparasite re moval has a sex-specific effect on nestling telomere length. Ecol Evol. 2023;13(3):e9861. doi 10.1002/ece3.9861Xue M., Kim C.S., Healy A.R., Wernke K.M., Wang Z., Frischling M.C., Shine E.E., Wang W., Herzon S.B., Crawford J.M. Structure elucidation of colibactin and its DNA cross-links. Science. 2019; 365(6457):eaax2685. doi 10.1126/science.aax2685Xue M., Kim C.S., Healy A.R., Wernke K.M., Wang Z., Frischling M.C., Shine E.E., Wang W., Herzon S.B., Crawford J.M. Structure elucidation of colibactin and its DNA cross-links. Science. 2019; 365(6457):eaax2685. doi 10.1126/science.aax2685Zakian V.A. Telomeres: the beginnings and ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Exp Cell Res. 2012;318(12):1456-1460. doi 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.02.015Zakian V.A. Telomeres: the beginnings and ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. Exp Cell Res. 2012;318(12):1456-1460. doi 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.02.015Zhang M., Zhang S. Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades in plant signaling. J Integr Plant Biol. 2022;64(2):301-341. doi 10.1111/jipb.13215Zhang M., Zhang S. Mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades in plant signaling. J Integr Plant Biol. 2022;64(2):301-341. doi 10.1111/jipb.13215Zhu Z., Tran H., Mathahs M.M., Moninger T.O., Schmidt W.N. HCV induces telomerase reverse transcriptase, increases its catalytic activity, and promotes caspase degradation in infected human hepatocytes. PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0166853. doi 10.1371/journal.pone.0166853Zhu Z., Tran H., Mathahs M.M., Moninger T.O., Schmidt W.N. HCV induces telomerase reverse transcriptase, increases its catalytic activity, and promotes caspase degradation in infected human hepatocytes. PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0166853. doi 10.1371/journal.pone.0166853

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.