References

vavilov

Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции

Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding

2500-3259

Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS

10.18699/VJ16.134

vavilov-583

Research Article

Экспрессия ключевых генов физиологических функций. ОБЗОР

Expression of genes crucial for physiological functions. REVIEW

Влияние космического полета на экспрессию генов в головном мозге экспериментальных животных

The effect of space flight on genes expression in brain

Цыбко

А. С.

Tsybko

A. S.

antoncybko@mail.ru

Ильчибаева

Т. В.

Ilchibaeva

T. V.

Попова

Н. К.

Popova

N. K.

Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук», Новосибирск, РоссияРоссияInstitute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk, RussiaRussian Federation

2016

18052016

202172179

2016

Цыбко А.С., Ильчибаева Т.В., Попова Н.К.

Tsybko A.S., Ilchibaeva T.V., Popova N.K.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/583

Космический полет вызывает ряд серьезных побочных физиологических изменений в первую очередь из-за состояния микрогравитации. В поисках механизмов, лежащих в основе этих изменений, были разработаны многие подходы: от моделирования микрогравитации на Земле до исследований в космосе, неотъемлемой частью которых является исследование экспрессии генов и белков. В отличие от костной и мышечной тканей, молекулярные изменения, происходящие в нервных клетках во время космических полетов, практически не исследованы. Целью данного обзора является обобщение последних достижений в области исследования экспрессии генов и белков в нервной системе в условиях микрогравитации. В значительной степени обзор будет посвящен результатам полета биоспутника «Бион-М1». Впервые нами были выявлены чувствительные к микрогравитации гены дофаминовой (ДА) и серотониновой (5-HT) систем: тирозин гидроксилаза (TH), катехол-о-метилтрансфераза (COMT) и дофаминовый рецептор первого типа (D1) в нигростриатальной системе; серотониновые рецепторы 2А подтипа (5-HT2A) и D1 рецепторы в гипоталамусе и моноаминоксидаза А (МАО А) во фронтальной коре. Снижение экспрессии ключевых генов дофаминовой системы может вносить вклад в развитие двигательных нарушений и дискинезии во время космического полета как у животных, так и человека. Также под действием микрогравитации активируется и система нейронального апоптоза, о чем свидетельствуют повышение экспрессии антиапоптотического белка Bcl-XL в гиппокампе и ее снижение в гипоталамусе. Длительный космический полет привел к дисрегуляции экспрессии генов, кодирующих глиальный нейротрофический фактор (GDNF) и дофаминовый нейротрофический фактор (CDNF) мозга. Данные нейротрофические факторы играют важнейшую роль в поддержании и защите дофаминергических нейронов, поэтому снижение их экспрессии в нигростриатальной дофаминовой системе может быть одной из причин негативного воздействия космического полета на дофаминовую систему мозга. Уникальность данных, полученных в результате полета биоспутника «Бион-М1», заключается в том, что они впервые позволили подвести молекулярно-генетическую основу под известные на сегодня нейрофизиологические механизмы адаптации центральной нервной системы к состоянию микрогравитации.

Many serious adverse physiological changes occur during spaceflight, primarily due to microgravity. In search of underlying mechanisms, many experimental tools have been developed, ranging from microgravity modeling on Earth to space flight investigations, part of which is to study the expression of genes and proteins. Unlike bone and muscle tissue, molecular changes in nerve cells during spaceflight are practically unexplored. This review aims at summarizing the recent advances in identifying gene and protein expression changes of nervous system cells under microgravity conditions. To a large extent, this review will focus on the results of the Bion-M1 biosatellite. We have for the first time revealed dopamine and serotonin microgravityresponsive genes (tyrosine hydroxylase, catechol-Omethyltransferase, and D1 receptor in the nigrostriatal system; D1 and 5-HT2A receptors in the hypothalamus; and monoamine oxidase A in the frontal cortex). Decreased genetic control of the dopamine system may contribute to the spaceflight-induced locomotor impairment and dyskinesia described for both animals and humans. Also, the system of neuronal apoptosis is activated under the influence of microgravity as evidenced by changes in the expression of antiapoptotic protein Bcl-XL in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. The long spaceflight produced dysregulation in the genetic control of genes encoding GDNF and CDNF neurotrophic factors. Because they play a crucial role in the protection and maintenance of dopaminergic neurons, reducing their expression may be one of the reasons for the negative impact of spaceflight on the brain dopamine system. Thus, the data obtained from the flight of the Bion-M1 biosatellite for the first time allowed for creating a molecular genetic basis for the currently known neurophysiological mechanisms of adaptation of the central nervous system to the state of weightlessness.

космический полетмикрогравитациянервная система«Бион-М1»экспрессия генов

space flightmicrogravitynervous systemBion-M1genes expression

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.