vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/VJ16.174vavilov-699Research ArticleАктуальные технологии генетики и селекции. ОБЗОРCurrent technologies in genetics and breeding. REVIEWТеоретические аспекты гетерозисаTheoretical aspects of heterosisХотылеваЛ. В.KhotylevaL. V.

Минск

Minsk

КильчевскийА. В.KilchevskyA. V.

Минск

Minsk

ШаптуренкоМ. Н.ShapturenkoM. N.

Минск

Minsk

M.Shapturenko@igc.byИнститут генетики и цитологии Национальной академии наук БеларусиБеларусьInstitute of Genetics and Cytology of National Academy of Sciences of BelarusBelarus201626092016204482492Copyright © Хотылева Л.В., Кильчевский А.В., Шаптуренко М.Н., 20162016Хотылева Л.В., Кильчевский А.В., Шаптуренко М.Н.Khotyleva L.V., Kilchevsky A.V., Shapturenko M.N.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/699

Явление гетерозиса, известное как превосходство гибридов F1 над родителями, эффективно используется в сельскохозяйственной практике с начала прошлого века, однако его генетические причины остаются нераскрытыми. На основе экспериментальных данных, полученных при исследовании гибридов кукурузы, и теоретических расчетов были предложены базовые модели, описывающие этот феномен с точки зрения различных типов взаимодействия генов – доминирования, сверхдоминирования и эпистаза. Каждая из предложенных концепций имеет недостатки, накладывающие определенные ограничения на воз- можность полной интерпретации механизмов формирования гетеротического ответа в F1. В данном обзоре дана критическая оценка теоретических концепций гетерозиса с позиции накопленных к настоящему времени данных генетики и молекулярной биологии, которые концентрируются на конкретных механизмах, действующих в отношении специфических признаков. В частности, показана роль летальных и полулетальных мутаций при формировании гетеротического фенотипа у растений. Рассмотрены вопросы интерпретации генетических эффектов при наличии сцепления, которые относят к псевдосверхдоминированию. Особое внимание уделено неаллельным взаимодействиям генов, которые добавляют новые нюансы при обсуждении эффектов доминирования и сверхдоминирования. Представлена информация о понятии комбинационной способности и ее практическом использовании в контексте концепции гетеротических групп. Показаны некоторые аспекты взаимодействия генотип–среда. Выполненный анализ теоретических концепций гетерозиса с позиции современных данных генетики свидетельствует о важной роли различных типов действия генов при формировании выдающегося фенотипа и подтверждает необходимость системного подхода к этому сложному и уникальному явлению.

The phenomenon of heterosis, known as superior performance of hybrid organism compared with either of their parents, has been exploited by agricultural practices in the production of various crops since the beginning of the last century; however, its genetic basis has remained obscure. With experimental data obtained from the study of maize hybrids, and mathematical calculations, some genetic models have been proposed to explain heterosis from various types of gene interaction, such as dominance, over-dominance and epistasis. However, any of the proposed concepts has weak points, which place limitations on the possibility of overall interpretation of heterotic response in F1. In this review we gather a brief account of findings from various studies for critical evaluation of the main theoretical concepts based on the information accumulated to date by genetics and molecular biology and focused on particular mechanisms acting for specific traits. We discussed some aspects concerning the role of mutation loads in the formation of heterotic phenotype. Also, we gathered a brief account of findings for interpretation of genetic effects due to linkage and non-allelic genes’ interactions that make nuances to analysis of dominance and over-dominance. We have provided information about combining ability, its practical application in the context of the concept of heterotic groups. Here we also discussed some aspects of “genotype–environment” interaction. Recent advancements in genetics and molecular biology indicate the importance of various types of gene action for heterosis and confirm the necessity of systemlevel approaches to understanding this unique phenomenon.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.