vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/VJ16.163vavilov-702Research ArticleАктуальные технологии генетики и селекции. ОБЗОРCurrent technologies in genetics and breeding. REVIEWПрименение ДНК-маркеров в современных селекционно-генетических исследованиях виноградаApplication of DNA markers in molecular breeding and genetic studies of grapevineИльницкаяЕ. Т.IlnitskayaE. T.

Краснодар

Krasnodar

ilnitskaya79@mail.ruМакаркинаМ. В.MakarkinaM. V.

Краснодар

Krasnodar

Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Северо-Кавказский зональный научно-исследовательский институт садоводства и виноградарства»РоссияNorth Caucasian Regional Research Institute of Horticulture and ViticultureRussian Federation201626092016204528536Copyright © Ильницкая Е.Т., Макаркина М.В., 20162016Ильницкая Е.Т., Макаркина М.В.Ilnitskaya E.T., Makarkina M.V.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/702

В последнее время все более важную роль приобретают ДНК-технологии, которые эффективно могут быть использованы для оптимизации селекции. Виноград Vitis vinifera L. – одно из древнейших и ценнейших культурных растений. В статье приведен обзор основных мировых достижений в области генетики и селекции винограда с периода секвенирования генома виноградного растения. Процесс создания новых форм винограда, как и всех культурных растений, базируется на использовании существующего генетического разнообразия. По этой причине проблема детального изучения генофонда рода Vitis: дикорастущих популяций и сортов, созданных человеком на протяжении длительной истории возделывания данной культуры, – с каждым годом становится все актуальней. Геном винограда – четвертый из секвенированных ядерных геномов высших растений. Работами различных исследовательских коллективов был определен и картирован ряд генов и локусов количественных признаков виноградного растения, а также наборы ДНК-маркеров генов хозяйственно ценных признаков. Основные успехи достигнуты в изучении генов, определяющих устойчивость к наиболее вредоносным грибным патогенам Plasmopara vitikola, Erysiphe necator. Достижения в области генетического картирования и использование ДНК-маркеров в процессе традиционной селекции позволили уточнить генетический механизм бессемянности – важного признака в селекции столовых сортов винограда. Изучению генетического контроля содержания веществ, определяющих органолептические свойства вин, также был посвящен ряд работ. Все чаще находит применение маркер-ориентированная селекция (marker assisted selection, MAS). Маркеры, связанные с генами резистентности к болезням, в настоящее время используются для выбраковывания восприимчивых сеянцев на начальном этапе крупномасштабных селекционных программ, проводимых в Германии, Италии и США. Таким образом, успехи в молекулярной биологии винограда создают благоприятную среду для активного использования ДНК-маркерных технологий на этой культуре.

DNA technology has increasingly become more and more important over last years. They can be used to improve the breeding of agricultural plants. Grapevine is one of the oldest and most important cultured plants. This article presents a review of the world’s main achievements in grapevine genetics and markerassisted selection after the Vitis genome sequence. The process of creating new forms of grapes, as well as all crops, is based on the use of existing genetic diversity. For this reason, the problem of a detailed study of the gene pool of the genus Vitis, wild populations and varieties created by men during the long cultivation history of this crop becomes more and more important every year. The genome of Vitis vinifera L. is the fourth sequenced nuclear genome of higher plants. A number of genes and quantitative trait loci were identified and mapped by various research groups, and so were sets of DNA markers for the genes of economically valuable traits. The genes for resistance to the most harmful fungal pathogens Plasmopara vitikola, Erysiphe necator are the most studied. Advancements in genetic mapping and the use of DNA markers in traditional breeding made it possible to refine the genetic mechanism of seedlessness, an important trait in the breeding of table grapes. The study of the genetic control of the content of substances that determine the organoleptic properties of wines has also progressed. Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is used in practice increasingly. Markers associated with disease resistance genes currently used for elimination of susceptible seedlings at the initial stage of large-scale breeding programs carried out in Germany, Italy and the United States. Thus, advances in molecular biology of grapevines creates a conducive situation for active use of DNA-marker technology in this culture.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.