vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/VJ16.177vavilov-704Research ArticleГЕНЕТИКА И СЕЛЕКЦИЯ РАСТЕНИЙPLANT GENETICS AND BREEDINGНовые генетические ресурсы в селекции пшеницы на увеличение содержания белка в зернеNew genetic resources in wheat breeding for an increased grain protein contentМитрофановаО. П.MitrofanovaO. P.

Санкт-Петербург

St. Petersburg

o.mitrofanova@vir.nw.ruХакимоваА. Г.KhakimovaA. G.

Санкт-Петербург

St. Petersburg

Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Федеральный исследовательский центр Всероссийский институт генетических ресурсов растений им. Н.И. Вавилова»РоссияN.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic ResourcesRussian Federation201626092016204545554Copyright © Митрофанова О.П., Хакимова А.Г., 20162016Митрофанова О.П., Хакимова А.Г.Mitrofanova O.P., Khakimova A.G.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/704

В обзоре приведены сведения о генетических исследованиях содержания белка в зерне у разных видов Triticum L. и Aegilops L. Рассмотрены закономерности географической изменчивости этого важного селекционного признака и результаты многолетней оценки по нему образцов коллекции ВИР. На основе этих оценок сформирована стержневая коллекция высокобелковых генетиче­ских источников. В нее включены диплоидные виды эгилопс – доноры геномов B, G и D аллополиплоидных пшениц и образцы ди-, тетра- и гексаплоидных видов пшеницы. В 1970–1980-е гг. использование высокобелковых источников в селекции США и Канады привело к увеличению содержания белка в зерне мягкой пшеницы на 0,5–3,0 %, однако дальнейшего целенаправленного его повышения с помощью традиционных методов селекции достичь не удалось. Прорыв в увеличении содержания суммар­ного белка в зерне наметился с развитием методов молекуляр­ ной генетики и разработки молекулярных маркеров. Впервые у T. dicoccoides был идентифицирован функциональный локус, или ген Gpc-B1 (хромосома 6BS), влияющий на накопление белка, цинка и железа в зерне, который клонирован и детально изучен. С использованием молекулярных маркеров активный аллель этого гена был обнаружен у некоторых местных и старых селек­ционных сортов T. dicoccum, T. durum, T. spelta и T. aestivum. Более того, у мягкой пшеницы были выявлены гены Gpc-A1, Gpc-D1 и Gpc-2 на хромосомах 6A, 6D и второй гомеологичной группы соответственно. Все эти гены были идентифицированы как NAC-факторы транскрипции, играющие важную роль в ускорен­ ном старении растений и ремобилизации питательных веществ из листьев в зерно. Гены, родственные Gpc-B1 T. dicoccoides, обна­ ружены в G геноме T. timopheevii и в B (=S) геноме у различных видов Aegilops sect. sitopsis. Функциональные аллели Gpc-B1 введе­ ны в коммерческие сорта тетра- и гексаплоидной пшеницы, и как результат, в разных странах мира созданы новые высокобелковые и высокоурожайные сорта и серии почти изогенных линий, перс­пективные для научных исследований и селекции пшеницы.

The present review offers an overview of genetic research on grain protein content (GPC) in various Triticum L. and Aegilops L. species. Regularities in geographic variability of GPC and the results of a longterm screening of accessions from the VIR collection for this trait are considered. On the basis of these assessments, a core-collection of genetic sources with high GPC has been formed. It includes the diploid Aegilops species as donors of B, G and D genomes for allopolyploid wheats, as well as accessions of di-, tetra- and hexaploid wheat species. The use of highprotein sources in wheat breeding in the United States and Canada in the 1970’s–1980’s resulted in the bread wheat GPC increase by 0.5–3.0 %; however, further purposeful attempts at increasing GPC by traditional breeding methods failed. A breakthrough in increasing the total GPC has been achieved as a result of molecular genetics methods and molecular markers development. For the first time, a functional locus, or the Gpc-B1 gene (chromosome 6BS) affecting the accumulation of protein, Zn and Fe in grain, was identified in T. dicoccoides, cloned and studied in detail. The application of molecular markers has revealed the active allele of this gene in some landraces and old cul-tivars of T. dicoccum, T. durum, T. spelta and T. aestivum. Moreover, Gpc-A1, Gpc-D1, and Gpc-2 wheat genes have been found in chromosomes 6A, 6D and homeologous group 2, respectively. All these genes have been identified as NAC transcription factors, which play an important role in the accelerated senescence of plants and remobilization of nutrients from leaves to grain. The genes related to Gpc-B1 from T. dicoccoides were found in the G genome of T. timopheevii and B (=S) genome of different species of Aegilops sect. sitopsis. Functional Gpc-B1 alleles have been introduced into commercial tetra- and hexaploid wheat cultivars, and it resulted in the creation of new highprotein and high-yield cultivars and series of nearly isogenic lines in different countries. They are promising sources for research and wheat breeding purposes.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.