vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/VJ16.178vavilov-705Research ArticleГЕНЕТИКА И СЕЛЕКЦИЯ РАСТЕНИЙPLANT GENETICS AND BREEDINGПрименение достижений генетики в селекции плодовых культур: вклад Мичуринского отделения Вавиловского общества генетиков и селекционеровUsing achievements of fruit crop genetics and breeding: a contribution from the Michurinsk Department of the Vavilov Society of Geneticists and BreedersСавельевН. И.Savel’evN. I.

Мичуринск

Michurinsk

cglm@rambler.ruСавельеваН. Н.Savel’evaN. N.

Мичуринск

Michurinsk

Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт генетики и селекции плодовых растений им. И.В. Мичурина»РоссияI.V. Michurin All-Russian Scientific Institute for Genetic and Breeding of Fruit PlantsRussian Federation201626092016204555562Copyright © Савельев Н.И., Савельева Н.Н., 20162016Савельев Н.И., Савельева Н.Н.Savel’ev N.I., Savel’eva N.N.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/705

В работе представлен обзор исследований, проводимых по частной генетике ведущих плодовых культур (яблоня, груша, вишня). Приведены литературные данные и результаты, полученные специалистами Мичуринского отделения ВОГиС, по изучению и идентификации генов устойчивости к грибным болезням и признаков, определяющих качество плодов, закономерностей наследования устойчивости к низким температурам. Показан опыт использования гибридологического анализа и ДНК-маркирования для выявления генотипов, несущих целевые аллели генов колонновидности яблони (Со), карликовости груши (PcDw), слаборослости вишни (O2). Показано, что молекулярные маркеры не всегда дают надежные результаты для выявления колонновидного габитуса у сеянцев яблони. На основе молекулярно-генетического анализа исходных форм и гибридных сеянцев яблони выделены генотипы, содержащие целевые аллели генов моногенной устойчивости к парше Rvi6, в том числе с гомозиготным генотипом (Rvi6), а также с аллелями генов, вовлеченных в контроль биосинтеза этилена (Md-ACS1 и Md-AC01) и экспансина (Md-Exp7) в плодах, определяющих их длительную лежкость и твердость мякоти. Созданы новые высокопродуктивные зимостойкие сорта груши, характеризующиеся комплексной устойчивостью к болезням, длительной лежкостью (до восьми месяцев) и высоким качеством плодов. Впервые идентифицированы гены, контролирующие устойчивость вишни к коккомикозу (Coccomyces hiemalis Higg.) (А), слаборослость вишни (О2), терпкость (Та) и сочность (Su) мякоти плодов груши. В результате проведенных исследований в Государственный реестр селекционных достижений включено 35 сортов яблони, 20 – груши, 8 – вишни.

The Michurinsk Department of the Vavilov Society of Geneticists and Breeding Scientists (VOGiS) was formed in 1966 after the constituent congress of VOGiS and nowadays includes 54 members. The scientists are engaged in 4 scientific institutions affiliated with FASO of Russia. The paper presents investigations of the individual genetics of leading fruit crops (pear, cherry, apple), identified genes, regularities of inheriting resistance to low temperatures, the most harmful diseases and several characters responsible for fruit quality. Some genes were identified for the first time. These are genes regulating Coccomyces hiemalis Higg. resistance (A), retarded growth habit in cherry (O2), astringency (Ta) and juiciness (Su) of fruit in pear. On the base of hybridological analysis and DNA marking, genotypes were identified. These genotypes carry target alleles of the following genes: columnar growth habit (Co) in apple, dwarf trait (PcDw) in pear, retardant growth (O2) in cherry. It was found that the markers C18470-25831, Mdo.chr 10.12, Co04R12 do not always show robust results for screening of young apple seedlings with columnar growth habit (Co) because they are identified as non-columnar forms. The primer pairs of 29f1 и jwi1r are the most robust ones for identification of columnar genotypes. These primers amplify specific PCR product of 586 bp (5’CR). On the basis of molecular-genetic analysis of apple initial forms and hybrid seedlings, there were identified targeted alleles of monogenic scab resistance genes including dominant homozygous genotype (Rvi6Rvi6) and also alleles of genes involved in the control of the biosynthesis of ethylene (Md-ACS1 and Md-ACO1) and expansin (Md-Exp7) controlling fruit long shelf life and pulp firmness.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.