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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vavilov</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2500-3259</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18699/VJ16.188</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vavilov-816</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Молекулярная генетика</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Molecular genetics</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Гетерозис: современные тенденции в изучении молекулярных механизмов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Heterosis: current advances in the search for molecular mechanisms</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шаптуренко</surname><given-names>М. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shapturenko</surname><given-names>M. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Минск, Беларусь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Minsk, Belarus</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хотылева</surname><given-names>Л. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khotyleva</surname><given-names>L. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Минск, Беларусь</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Minsk, Belarus</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Институт генетики и цитологии Национальной академии наук Беларуси<country>Беларусь</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Institute of Genetics and Cytology of National Academy of Sciences of Belarus<country>Belarus</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2016</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>20</volume><issue>5</issue><fpage>683</fpage><lpage>694</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шаптуренко М.Н., Хотылева Л.В., 2016</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шаптуренко М.Н., Хотылева Л.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shapturenko M.N., Khotyleva L.V.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/816">https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/816</self-uri><abstract><p>Гетерозис как феномен превосходства гибридов F1 над родителями служит основным механизмом повышения продуктивности в сельскохозяйственном производстве, но при этом остается одним из наиболее интригующих явлений с точки зрения генетики. Первые попытки выяснения его генетических основ базировались на использовании теоретических моделей, которые, хотя и были приняты научным сообществом, но не могли в полной мере охарактеризовать это уникальное явление. С разработкой и распространением молекулярных маркеров основные усилия были направлены на поиск геномных регионов, ответственных за формирование гетеротического ответа в F1, и выяснение перспектив использования оценки молекулярной дивергенции исходных родительских форм для предсказания урожайного потенциала гибридного потомства. Несмотря на некоторые успехи, эффективность такого подхода для практического использования оказалась ограниченной. Выполненные исследования подтвердили, что генетическая гетерогенность необходима, но не достаточна для получения гетерозисного фенотипа. Развитие современных методологических подходов функциональной геномики и смежных дисциплин обеспечило новые возможности для изучения основополагающих механизмов гетерозиса на уровне генома, транскриптома, метаболома и эпигенома в связи с различными типами взаимодействия генов (доминированием, сверхдоминированием, эпистазом). К настоящему времени описаны различия в геномной организации, генной экспрессии и эпигенетическом статусе гибридов F1 и их родителей. На геномном уровне обнаружены QTL, ассоциированные с гетерозисом, изучена роль дивергенции ДНК в реализации генетического потенциала F1. На уровне транскриптома у гибридов, по сравнению с инбредными родителями, выявлены изменения в регуляции экспрессии генов, осуществляемой с участием генов циркадных часов. Опре-делена важная роль эпигенетической модификации ДНК и геномного импринтинга в проявлении гетерозиса. Вся совокупность данных, накопленных к настоящему времени, свидетельствует о том, что гетерозис невозможно объяснить единственным общим механизмом, так как этот сложный феномен включает множественные компоненты, кумулятивный эффект которых приводит к формированию выдающегося фенотипа.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Heterosis as the increased performance of hybrid progeny compared to their inbred parents is one of the most intriguing phenomena in genetics. The first attempts to find out about underlying mechanisms were based on theoretical models, which were useful, but could not characterize this unique phenomenon as a whole. With the advent of molecular markers great efforts were made to identify genomic regions causing heterotic response and clarify prospects of using information about molecular divergence of parental forms as a criterion for the prediction of F1 performance. Despite some achievements, the effec-tiveness of both molecular divergence and prospective heterotic QTL for practical goals was limited, confirming that genetic heterogeneity is necessary, but not sufficient to produce perfect phenotype. Current methodological tools of functional genomics and related disciplines have provided new opportunities for searching for mechanisms of heterosis at different levels in the context of relative importance of dominance, overdominance and epistasis. To date, differences in genome organization, gene expression and epigenetic status have been found between hybrids and their parents. At the genomic level, some QTLs associated with heterosis were identified and the impact of DNA divergence on F1 performance was evaluated. At the level of transcriptome, it was shown that heterosis in hybrids occurs along with changes in gene expression regulation under the influence of circadian clock genes. Several studies have been conducted to clarify the role of epigenetic DNA modification and genomic imprinting in the manifestation of heterosis. Taken together, data indicates that heterosis cannot been explained by a single common mechanism, because this complex phenomenon involves many components, a cumulative effect of which leads to the formation of an outstanding phenotype.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гетерозис</kwd><kwd>молекулярные маркеры</kwd><kwd>транскрипционные факторы</kwd><kwd>циркадные ритмы</kwd><kwd>эпигенетическая регуляция.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>heterosis</kwd><kwd>molecular markers</kwd><kwd>transcription factors</kwd><kwd>circadian clock</kwd><kwd>epigenetic regulation</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barber W.T., Zhang W., Win H., Varala K.K., Dorweiler J.E., Hudson M.E., Moose S.P. 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