vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/VJ17.238vavilov-932Research ArticleГенофонд и селекция растенийPlant gene pool and breedingСоздание триплоидных сортов яблони – приоритетное направление в селекцииThe development of triploid apple cultivars is a priority in breedingСедовЕ. Н.SedovE. N.

Орловская область, Орловский район

Orel region

СедышеваГ. А.SedyshevaG. A.

Орловская область, Орловский район

Orel region

МакаркинаМ. А.MakarkinaM. A.

Орловская область, Орловский район

Orel region

СероваЗ. М.SerovaZ. M.

Орловская область, Орловский район

Orel region

Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт селекции плодовых культур» (ВНИИСПК)РоссияAll-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK)Russian Federation201721042017212207213Copyright © Седов Е.Н., Седышева Г.А., Макаркина М.А., Серова З.М., 20172017Седов Е.Н., Седышева Г.А., Макаркина М.А., Серова З.М.Sedov E.N., Sedysheva G.A., Makarkina M.A., Serova Z.M.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/932

В статье большое внимание отводится предварительной селекции (пребридингу) при создании триплоидных сортов яблони. Дана краткая характеристика доноров диплоидных гамет, которые выделены среди имеющихся тетраплоидных сортов и форм или созданы селекционным путем, особенно в тех случаях, когда в природе нет сортов и форм (доноров диплоидных гамет) с необходимыми для селекционера признаками. Создана селекционным путем форма 30-47-88 (Либерти×13-6-106), являющаяся комплексным донором диплоидных гамет и иммунитета к парше (ген Vf ). С 1970 по 2015 г. при селекции яблони на полиплоидном уровне осуществлено 455 комбинаций скрещиваний, искусственно опылено 660 тыс. цветков, получено 124.7 тыс. гибридных семян, выращено 47.9 тыс. однолетних сеянцев, из которых после многократных браковок в селекционные сады перенесено 13.2 тыс. сеянцев. Впервые в России от интервалентных скрещиваний создано и уже районировано 10 сортов (Августа, Александр Бойко, Бежин луг, Вавиловское, Дарёна, Масловское, Орловский партизан, Осиповское, Патриот, Яблочный Спас). Установлено, что сорта, полученные во ВНИИСПК, характеризуются, как правило, урожайностью, лучшей товарностью плодов, большей устойчивостью к парше и более высокой самоплодностью. Получены сорта, совмещающие триплоидию и иммунитет к парше. Ведется многообещающая работа по получению сортов, объединяющих в своих геномах триплоидию, иммунитет к парше и колонновидность (ген Со). Дана краткая характеристика созданных за последнее время от интервалентных скрещиваний триплоидных иммунных к парше сортов Вавиловское и Яблочный Спас, а также трех триплоидных сортов, полученных от скрещивания диплоидных сортов. Отмечено, что триплоидные сорта яблони селекции ВНИИСПК по комплексу хозяйственных признаков не уступают зарубежным сортам, а по адаптивности значительно превосходят их и при внедрении в широкое производство могут способствовать решению импортозамещения плодовой продукции в стране.

Great attention is paid to preliminary breeding (prebreeding) when developing triploid apple cultivars. Brief characteristics of diploid gamete donors are given. It should be noted that sometimes donors of diploid gametes with necessary important traits not only have to be selected from among existing tetraploid cultivars, but also developed by a breeding way, especially in the case when in nature there are no cultivars and genotypes (donors of diploid gametes) with given traits. The authors of the paper developed form 30-47-88 (Liberty×13-6-106) by a breeding way. 30-47-88 is a complex donor of diploid gametes and scab immunity (Vf ) at once. During 1970–2015, the following work was done in apple breeding using polyploidy: 455 crossing combinations were performed; 660000 flowers were artificially pollinated; 124700 hybrid seeds were obtained and 47900 one-year-old seedlings were grown, from which after multiple rejections 13200 seedlings were planted in breeding orchards. For the first time in Russia ten apple cultivars (Avgusta, Aleksandr Boiko, Bezhin Lug, Vavilovskoye, Dariona, Maslovskoye, Orlovsky Partizan, Osipovskoye, Patriot and Yablochny Spas) have been developed from intervalence crossings and regionalized. It has been stated that apple cultivars developed at the VNIISPK are characterized, as a rule, by high productivity, better fruit marketability, greater resistance to scab and higher autogamy. Apple cultivars combining triploidy and scab immunity have been developed. Promising breeding is being performed for apple cultivars combining triploidy, scab immunity and columnar habit (Co). Brief characteristics of triploid and scab immune cultivars Vavilovskoye and Yablochny Spas developed from the intervalence crossings as well as three triploid cultivars obtained from crossings of diploid cultivars are given. It is noted that triploid apple cultivars developed at the VNIISPK are inferior to none of foreign cultivars in a complex of commercial traits and they significantly excel foreign cultivars in adaptability. Our apple cultivars may contribute to import substitution of fruit production in the country.

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.