vavilovВавиловский журнал генетики и селекцииVavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding2500-3259Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Siberian Branch of the RAS10.18699/VJ17.239vavilov-933Research ArticleГенофонд и селекция растенийPlant gene pool and breedingРеализация генетического потенциала морозостойкости у гибридов яблони разной плоидностиRealization of the genetic potential of frost hardiness in apple hybrids of different ploidyКрасоваН. Г.KrasovaN. G.

Орловская область, Орловский район

Orel region

nikrass2109@yandex.ruОжерельеваЗ. Е.OzherelievaZ. E.

Орловская область, Орловский район

Orel region

ГалашеваА. М.GalashevaA. M.

Орловская область, Орловский район

Orel region

Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт селекции плодовых культур» (ВНИИСПК)РоссияAll-Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop BreedingRussian Federation201721042017212214221Copyright © Красова Н.Г., Ожерельева З.Е., Галашева А.М., 20172017Красова Н.Г., Ожерельева З.Е., Галашева А.М.Krasova N.G., Ozherelieva Z.E., Galasheva A.M.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/933

Представлены результаты изучения устойчивости к неблагоприятным зимним условиям новых селекционных форм яблони, полученных во ВНИИСПК, по приоритетным направлениям селекции яблони.

Цель работы – оценка генотипов яблони, созданных при совмещении в генотипе иммунитета к парше с тройным набором хромосом (ген RVi6+3х), по зимостойкости. Изучение зимостойкости проводили полевым и лабораторным методами моделирования повреждающих факторов с использованием морозильной камеры «ESPEC» PSL-2 KPN. Установлено, что к началу декабря генотипы приобретали хорошую закалку и проявили устойчивость жизненно важных тканей к раннезимним морозам до –30 °С (I ком- понент морозостойкости). Выявлены генотипы, которые критические температуры –38 и –40 °С, а также –42 °С при искусственном промораживании переносили с повреждением жизненно важных тканей на уровне Антоновки обыкновенной (компонент II). Моделирование трехдневной искусственной оттепели (2 °С) с последующим снижением температуры до –30 °С показало, что у всех изученных форм повреждения коры, камбия и древесины носили обратимый характер и не превышали 2.0 балла, а у иммунных триплоидных формы 31-2-130 и ЭЛС 31-36-149 не превышали 1.2 балла. Изучение зимостойкости новых селекционных форм позволило выявить наиболее зимостойкие и перспективные генотипы: иммунные к парше триплоидные формы 31-2-15, 31-2-115, 31-2-130 (Афродита×13-6-106) и 31-36-149 [Веньяминовское× 25-35-144 (Уэлси тетраплоидный×Папировка тетраплоидная)], а также иммунные к парше диплоиды 31-35-58 (Юбилей Москвы× Краса Свердловска) и 31-15-126 [23-16-96 (сеянец 814 – свободное опыление)×Гулливер]. Эти генотипы проявили устойчивость жизненно важных тканей к раннезимним морозам, морозам в середине зимы до –40 °С на уровне Антоновки обыкновенной, а также морозам после оттепелей и сохранили способность восстанавливать устойчивость при повторной закалке после оттепелей. 

The results of a study of resistance to unfavorable winter conditions of new selection seedlings of apple developed in the Institute as part of priority directions of apple breeding are presented.

The goal of the work is to estimate winter hardiness of apple genotypes developed by combining scab resistance in a triploid genotype (RVi6+3х). Methods of a winter hardiness study in the field and laboratory conditions were used by modelling damage factors in a “ESPEC” PSL-2 KPN deep-freezer . It was determined that by early December the genotypes gained a good hardening and displayed the resistance of vitally important tissues to early winter frosts up to 30 °C (frost resistance component I). The genotypes were revealed that under artificial freezing bore critical temperatures –38 and –40 °C as well as –42 °C with damages of vitally important tissues at the level of Antonovka Obyknovennaya (component II). The modelling of a three-day artificial thaw (+2 °C) with the following temperature lowering to –30 °C showed that in all studied apple seedlings the damages of bark, cambium and wood were reversible and did not exceed 2.0 points while in immune, triploid forms 31-2-130 and ELS 31-36-149, the damages did not exceed 1.2 points. The winter hardiness study of selection apple seedlings allowed revealing the most winter hardy and promising genotypes: scab resistant and triploid forms 31-2-15, 31-2-115, 31-2-130 (Afrodita×13-6-106) and 31-36-149 [Veniaminovskoye×25-35-144 (Wealthy tetraploid× Papirovka tetraploid)] as well as scab resistant diploids 32-35-58 (Yubiley Moskvy×Krasa Sverdlovska) and 31-15-126 [23-16-96 (seedling 814 – open pollination)×Gulliver)]. Those genotypes displayed the resistance of vitally important tissues to early winter frosts, frosts in the middle of winter up to –40 °C at the level of Antonovka Obyknovennaya as well as to the frosts after thaws and retained the ability to restore resistance during repeated hardening after thaws. 

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The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.