Нейроэндокринная стресс-реакция насекомых: история развития концепции

Нейроэндокринная стресс-реакция является эффективным способом защиты организмов от неблагоприятных воздействий различной природы. Эта реакция универсальна и возникает в ответ на стимулы, непривычные для жизни и обитания не только данного вида организмов, но и отдельной популяции. В обзоре рассматривается последовательная смена теоретических концепций, подходов и методов исследования в этой научной области: от становления концепции стресса Г. Селье до наших дней. В 1982 г. Г. Селье определил стресс как совокупность стереотипных филогенетических запрограммированных реакций организма, которые вызыва ются любыми сильными, сверхсильными, экстремальными воздей ствиями и сопровождаются перестройкой адаптивных сил орга низ ма. Агент, вызывающий стресс, был назван стрессором. В динамике комплекса неспецифических защитно-приспособительных реакций в ответ на стрессовое воздействие, направленных на создание устойчивости (резистентности) организма к любо му фактору, закономерно прослеживаются три стадии («триада Селье»): 1) реакция тревоги, 2) стадия резистентности, 3) стадия истощения. Длительность и выраженность каждой из них могут варьировать в зависимости от природы и силы стрессорного агента, вида животного и физиологического состояния организма. Отсутствие гипоталамо-гипофизарно-адренокортикальной системы у насекомых считалось доказательством невозможности развития у них стресс-реакции по типу теплокровных животных. Тем не менее с начала 1980-х годов получено достаточно доказательств развития реакции стресса у насекомых, что подчеркивает консервативность стресс-реакции у млекопитающих и насекомых. Cходство в нейрохимических и физиологических изменениях у беспозвоночных и позвоночных в ответ на стрессорное воздействие свидетельствует о том, что реакция на стрессор – это совокупность древних, сохраненных в эволюции механизмов. Насекомые предоставляют уникальные возможности для экспериментов, которые могут помочь понять основные механизмы стрессовых реакций. У личинок насекомых механизм стресс-реакции изучен детально. В этом веке основные усилия исследователей направлены на изучение механизмов стресс-реакции у имаго насекомых и генетического контроля отдельных ее звеньев. Изучение стресс- реакции у насекомых важно и в теоретическом плане – оно демонстрирует конвергентность путей эволюции адаптивных преобразований у таких далеко отстоящих друг от друга таксонов, как насекомые и млекопитающие, и в практическом – закономерности механизма этой реакции можно использовать при моделировании наследственных или приобретенных заболеваний человека, разработке методов разведения хозяйственно ценных насекомых и способов борьбы с насекомыми-вредителями.

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