Стресс-индуцированная активация транспозонов в экологическом морфогенезе

Инсерционный мутагенез, обусловленный транспозициями мобильных элементов, лежит в основе изменений геномов в естественном отборе. Транспозоны являются сенсором экологических стрессовых воздействий, благодаря чему воздействия стрессоров на организмы потенцируют изменения расположения транспозонов, что способствует адаптации и видообразованию. Это обусловлено изменением механизмов морфогенеза, так как транспозоны содержат в своем составе регуляторные последовательности, оказывающие циси транс-воздействие на экспрессию специфических белок-кодирующих генов. Мобильные генетические элементы способны также к сайт-специфическим перемещениям, которые приводят к активации генов стрессового ответа. Кроме того, транспозоны служат источниками микроРНК, siРНК, длинных некодирующих РНК и сайтов связывания с транскрипционными факторами. В эволюции благодаря мобильным генетическим элементам возникают новые белок-кодирующие гены путем одомашнивания, экзонизации и дупликации. Данные гены содержат нуклеотидные последовательности, которые взаимодействуют с процессированными из транспозонных транскриптов некодирующими РНК, в связи с чем они находятся под управлением эпигенетических регуляторных сетей с участием мобильных генетических элементов. Поэтому наследуемые особенности расположения и состава транспозонов могут иметь значение в характере реагирования на определенные экологические стрессорные воздействия. Это служит основой для отбора и выживания особей со специфическим составом и характером расположения транспозонов, способствующих адаптации при определенных средовых условиях. В эволюции свойство транспозонов перемещаться в специфические сайты генома, регулировать экспрессию генов и взаимодействовать с транскрипционными факторами, наряду со способностью реагировать на экологические стрессоры, является основой для быстрой изменчивости и видообразования за счет модулирования управления онтогенезом. Роль транспозонов в экологическом морфогенезе подтверждена данными об их тканеи стадиеспецифических особенностях активации и участии в управлении дифференцировкой клеток в эмбриогенезе и постнатальном развитии. Дополнительным источником изменчивости служит горизонтальный перенос транспозонов, способствующий изменению их состава в геномах.

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