Современное состояние проблемы сохранения генетических ресурсов сельскохозяйственных птиц in vitro

Настоящий обзор представляет современные достижения и подходы по сохранению репродуктивных клеток животных in vitro, такие как криоконсервация и лиофилизация, а также эпигенетические  предпосылки для получения жизнеспособных сперматозоидов и женских гамет после реконсервации.  Криоконсервация – эффективный путь сохранения репродуктивных клеток различных видов сельскохо-зяйственных животных, включая птиц. Метод сохранения генофонда in vitroчерез поддержание в криоген-ных условиях клеток или тканей в основном направлен на восстановление исчезнувших пород/популяций, на поддержание генетического разнообразия в популяциях, подверженных генетическому дрейфу. Именно сочетание методов ex situ in vivoи ex situ in vitroможет сформировать основу эффективной стратегии сохранения генетического разнообразия животных. Кроме того, использование криконсервированного семени лучших представителей линии или породы позволяет ускорить прогресс селекции в промышленном птицеводстве. Несмотря на многочисленные достижения в области криобиологии половых клеток, продолжается поиск методов, обеспечивающих более эффективное восстановление жизнеспособности спермиев после криоконсервации. Механизмы, лежащие в основе влияния процедуры криоконсервации на параметры семени сельскохозяйственных птиц, полностью не изучены. В обзоре отражены результаты современных исследований в области проблематики криоконсервации женских и мужских половых клеток, эмбриональных клеток, поиска новых путей решения в области сохранения генетического разнообразия in vitro (разработка новых криопротекторных сред и новых технологий сохранения). Освещены молекуляр-но-генетические аспекты криоконсервации и механизмы влияния криоконсервации на эпигенетическое состояние клеток. Представлены данные по результатам исследований в области лиофильной сушки репродуктивных клеток самцов. Интерес к технологии лиофилизации семени как возможности более дешевого способа сохранения и транспортировки генетического материала диких и домашних животных, по сравнению с криоконсервацией, в мире стремительно растет; исследования ведутся в Японии, Израиле, Египте, Испании, Франции. Растет и интерес к использованию лиофилизированного семени в технологиях генной инженерии. Методы лиофильной сушки разрабатываются с учетом видовой принадлежности.  В обзоре предложены также организационно-правовые пути решения проблемы сохранения генетических ресурсов сельскохозяйственных животных, включая птиц, in vitro.

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