Коллекция ризосферных микроорганизмов: значение для исследования растительно-бактериальной ассоциативности

Коллекции микроорганизмов - один из важнейших компонентов биологической науки, который обеспечивает исследователей необходимым материалом и сохраняет биологические ресурсы. Таковой является Коллекция ризосферных микроорганизмов Института биохимии и физиологии растений и микроорганизмов Российской академии наук (ИБФРМ РАН), деятельность которой сосредоточена в первую очередь на выделении и сохранении микроорганизмов, выделенных из корневой зоны растений. Интерес мировой науки к микроорганизмам этой экологической ниши не ослабевает по причине их большой значимости для роста и развития растений и, следовательно, для растениеводства. Группа бактерий, обладающих полезными для растений свойствами, получила название PGPR (plant growth promoting rhizo-bacteria - стимулирующие рост растений ризобактерии). К ним относятся и почвенные азотфиксирующие альфа-протеобактерии рода Azospirillum, составляющие ядро вышеназванной коллекции. Азоспириллы, открытые в 70-х гг. прошлого века бразильскими учеными, в настоящее время являются признанными во всем мире модельными объектами для изучения молекулярных механизмов растительно-микробных взаимодействий. Фиксация атмосферного азота, продукция фитогормонов, солюбилизация фосфатов, контроль патогенов, формирование у растений индуцированной системной устойчивости - целый комплекс полезных свойств делает их универсальным инструментом для фундаментальных исследований и практического применения. В обзоре обсуждается современное состояние исследований по бактериям рода Azospirillum с акцентом на результатах, полученных коллективом ИБФРМ РАН (г. Саратов). Экспедиции по Саратовской области, проведенные микробиологами института в начале 1980-х гг., заложили основу уникального собрания представителей этого бактериального таксона, которое сегодня включает более 160 штаммов и считается одним из самых крупных в Европе. Исследования сотрудников ИБФРМ РАН преимущественно сосредоточены на структурах азоспирилл, вовлеченных в образование ассоциативного симбиоза с растениями. Прежде всего это внеклеточные полисахаридсодержащие комплексы и лектины. Развитие методов иммунохимии во многом позволило выяснить, как в целом организована поверхность бактерий. Благодаря изучению генома азоспирилл существенно углубилось понимание роли вышеупомянутых структур, а также подвижности бактерий и формирования ими биопленок при заселении корней. В прикладном аспекте заслуживают внимания исследования азоспирилл, направленные на развитие агро- и экотехнологий, а также технологии «зеленого» синтеза наночастиц золота, серебра и селена. Коллекция продолжает развиваться, пополняясь новыми штаммами, показывая большое значение специализированных собраний микроорганизмов для создания и поддержания исследовательской базы и эффективного решения фундаментальных и прикладных задач микробиологии.

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