Причины глобальных вымираний в истории жизни: факты и гипотезы

Палеонтологи характеризуют глобальные вымирания на Земле как потерю ~3/4 существующего биоразнообразия на большей части земного шара за относительно короткий геологический промежуток времени. В палеонтологической летописи Земли, описывающей период фанерозоя (~500 млн лет), документировано как минимум пять таких глобальных вымираний: ~65, 200, 260, 380 и 440 млн лет назад. Существуют данные о возможности глобальных вымираний в более отдаленные периоды жизни на Земле – в позднем кембрии (~500 млн лет назад) и эдиакарии (более 540 млн лет назад). Общего мнения о причинах их возникновения до сих пор не сформировано. В настоящем обзоре систематизированы документированные факты глобальных вымираний сложных форм жизни на Земле с момента их возникновения в эдиакарии и до современного периода. Рассматриваются возможные причины их возникновения с точки зрения воздействия абиогенных факторов, планетарных или астрономических, и последствий их действия. Анализируются данные «за» и «против» гипотезы периодичности массовых вымираний биоразнообразия морской биоты в фанерозойский период. Обсуждаются факты, позволяющие высказывать гипотезы о наличии дополнительных механизмов возникновения кризисов в эволюции сложных форм жизни на Земле, связанных с различными внутренними биотическими факторами. Развивая тему внутренних причин периодичности и прерывистости эволюционного процесса, мы высказываем собственную, оригинальную гипотезу, согласно которой глобальные вымирания являются отражением сложной динамики изменения уровня биоразнообразия на Земле и следствием феномена бистабильности. Этот феномен возникает только в экосистеме, бóльшая часть организмов которой размножается половым путем. Данная гипотеза говорит о том, что, если бы даже не было никаких глобальных катастроф абиотического характера, кризисы в развитии биоты возникали бы все равно. Однако гипотеза не исключает, что в определенные моменты времени биота Земли подвергалась мощным внешним воздействиям, оказавшим существенное влияние на ее дальнейшее развитие, что нашло отражение в конкретных палеонтологических данных.

палеонтологическая летопись Земли, эволюция глобальных экосистем, массовые вымирания, динамические системы, сложная динамика, периодичность, моделирование

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