Роль микроРНК в обучении и долговременной памяти

Механизмы формирования долговременной памяти и способы ее улучшения (в случае нарушения) остаются сложнейшей нерешенной проблемой. В последние годы большое внимание в этой связи уделяется микроРНК. МикроРНК являются уникальными эндогенными некодирующими РНК длиной около 22  нуклеотидов, каждая из которых может регулировать трансляцию сотен матричных РНК, тем самым управляя целыми сетями генов. МикроРНК широко представлены в центральной нервной системе. В настоящее время значительное количество исследований посвящено изучению роли микроРНК в функционировании мозга. Показано, что целый ряд микроРНК вовлечен в процесс синаптической пластичности, а также в формирование долговременной памяти. При этом нарушение биогенеза микроРНК приводит к значительным когнитивным дисфункциям. Более того, нарушение биогенеза микроРНК является одной из причин патогенеза заболеваний, связанных с психическими расстройствами, нейродегенеративными патологиями и старческой деменцией, которые часто сопровождаются ухудшением способности к обучению и нарушением памяти. Высказываются оптимистичные прогнозы, что микроРНК могут быть использованы в качестве мишеней для терапевтического лечения и диагностики данных патологий. Важное прикладное значение микроРНК увеличивает интерес к изучению их функций в работе мозга. Представленный обзор посвящен роли микроРНК в когнитивных процессах. Описаны биогенез микроРНК и роль микроРНК в регуляции экспрессии генов. Рассмотрены последние достижения в изучении функциональной роли микроРНК в обучении и формировании долговременной памяти, в зависимости от активации или ингибирования их экспрессии, и о влиянии нарушения биогенеза микроРНК на формирование долговременной памяти. Небольшой раздел посвящен влиянию депривации сна на когнитивные процессы, зависимые от микроРНК. Кроме того, приведен анализ текущей литературы, связанной с перспективами улучшения когнитивных функций посредством влияния на биогенез микроРНК путем применения CRISPR/Cas9 технологий и активных умственных и физических нагрузок.

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