Проблемы и возможности изучения пивоваренных признаков ячменя с использованием молекулярно-генетических подходов

Около одной трети урожая выращиваемого в мире ячменя используется для переработки в солод для обеспечения нужд пивоваренной промышленности. В связи с этим изучение генетической основы пивоваренных признаков и селекция пивоваренных сортов ячменя, адаптивных к условиям их произрастания, актуальны как во всем мире, так и в Российской Федерации, где преобладают выращивание и использование зарубежных солодовых сортов ячменя. К основным параметрам качества солода (искусственно пророщенного и высушенного зерна ячменя) относятся: экстрактивность, диастатическая сила, индекс Кольбаха, вязкость, содержание в зерне белка, β-глюкана, свободного аминного азота и растворимого белка. Большинство этих компонентов находится под контролем локусов количественных признаков (quantitative trait loci, QTL) и подвержено влиянию условий среды, что осложняет их изучение и точную локализацию. Кроме того, фенотипическая оценка пивоваренных признаков – трудоемкий и дорогостоящий процесс. В настоящее время известно более 200 QTL, связанных с пивоваренными параметрами, выявленных с привлечением двуродительских картирующих популяций. Молекулярные маркеры широко применяются как для картирования QTL-локусов, ответственных за пивоваренные качества, так и для выполнения работ по маркер-опосредованной селекции (МОС), что в комбинации с традиционными селекционными подходами дает возможность создавать эффективные стратегии, направленные на ускорение процесса получения новых перспективных генотипов. Тем не менее МОС пивоваренных признаков сталкивается с рядом трудностей, таких как невысокая точность локализации QTL-локусов, их неэффективность при переносе в другую генотипическую среду, сцепленность с нежелательными признаками, что обуславливает необходимость валидации QTL и сцепленных с ними молекулярных маркеров. В обзоре приведены результаты работ по использованию МОС для улучшения пивоваренных качеств ячменя, а также рассматриваются исследования по поиску ассоциаций между генотипом и фенотипом, выполненные с помощью ПГАА-анализа (полногеномный поиск ассоциаций) на основе последних достижений в области высокопроизводительного генотипирования (diversity array technology, DArT и single-nucleotide polymorphism, SNP маркеры).

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