Следы отбора и гены-кандидаты адаптации к экстремальным факторам среды в геномах турано-монгольских пород крупного рогатого скота

Изменения, происходящие в окружающей среде, заставляют популяции организмов адаптироваться к новым условиям либо за счет фенотипической пластичности, либо за счет генетических или эпигенетических изменений. Следы отбора, такие как специфические изменения частот аллелей и гаплотипов, снижение или повышение генетического разнообразия, помогают выявить изменения генома крупного рогатого скота в ответ на искусственный и естественный отбор, а также локусы и варианты, непосредственно влияющие на адаптивные и экономически важные признаки. Достижения генетики и биотехнологии дают возможность быстрого переноса уникальных генетических вариантов, возникших у местных пород крупного рогатого скота в процессе адаптации к локальной среде обитания, в геномы интернациональных высокопроизводительных пород с целью сохранения их выдающихся свойств в новых условиях обитания. Возможно и использование методов геномной селекции для повышения частот адаптивных аллелей у интернациональных пород. В обзоре рассмотрены недавние работы по истории происхождения и эволюции турано-монгольских пород крупного рогатого скота, адаптации турано-монгольского скота к экстремальным условиям среды. Сделано обобщение имеющихся сведений о потенциальных генах-кандидатах адаптации в геномах турано-монгольских пород, включая гены устойчивости к холоду, гены иммунного ответа и гены адаптации к высокогорью. Авторы приходят к выводу, что имеющиеся данные литературы не позволяют отдать предпочтение одному из двух возможных сценариев происхождения турано-монгольских пород – в результате доместикации дикого тура на территории Восточной Азии или вследствие миграции тауринной протопопуляции из Ближнего Востока. Турано-монгольским породам свойственна высокая адаптация к экстремальным климатическим условиям (холод, жара и недостаток кислорода в горах) и паразитам (гнус, клещи, бактериальные и вирусные инфекции). В результате высокопроизводительного генотипирования и секвенирования геномов и транскриптомов представителей этих пород в последнее время были выявлены перспективные гены-кандидаты и генетические варианты, участвующие в адаптации к факторам внешней среды.

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