Научная селекция озимой мягкой пшеницы в Нечерноземной зоне России: история, методы и результаты

Рассмотрены основные этапы и достижения селекции озимой мягкой пшеницы (Triticum aesti­ vum L.) в Нечерноземной зоне более чем за столетний период. Начало селекционной работы в регионе было положено Д.Л. Рудзинским на опытном поле Московского сельскохозяйственного института. С 1940-х гг. под руководством академика Н.В. Цицина, а затем профессора Г.Д. Лапченко активно применялся метод отдаленной гибридизации пшеницы с пыреем сизым (Agropyron glaucum (Desf. ex DC.) Roem. & Schult.). Полученные пшенично-пырейные гибриды (ППГ) обладали средней зимостойкостью, повышенным качеством зерна и продуктивностью. Созданный в 1970-х гг. сорт Заря (индивидуальным отбором из F₃ гибридной комбинации сорт Мироновская 808 × линия 126/65, в родословной этой линии присутствует ППГ 599) имел высокую урожайность и широко использовался в дальнейших скрещиваниях. В 1980-е гг. академик Б.И. Сандухадзе методом прерывающихся беккроссов добился значительного увеличения урожайности за счет выведения сортов нового морфоэкотипа (Инна, Памяти Федина и др.) – зимостойких, короткостебельных, продуктивных. Сорт Московская 39 (районирован в 1999 г.) относится к сильным пшеницам со стабильным содержанием белка (15–16 %) и клейковины (30–35 %). Созданные в 2000-х гг. сорта Московская 56, Немчиновская 57, Галина, Немчиновская 24, Немчиновская 17, Московская 40 характеризуются высокой адаптивностью к условиям региона, высокой урожайностью и качеством зерна. Площади посевов этих сортов в России занимают более 2 млн га. Обозначены актуальные направления селекции озимой мягкой пшеницы, показана производственная урожайность сортов селекции ФГБНУ «ФИЦ «Немчиновка» свыше 12.0 т/га и содержание белка в зерне до 17 %. Благодаря преемственности, оригинальности и методологии научной селекции, урожайность озимой пшеницы в регионе с начала прошлого века до настоящего времени выросла с 1.0 до 12.0 т/га и более.

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