Генотипическая и экологическая изменчивость содержания цинка в зерне сортов яровой мягкой пшеницы международного питомника КАСИБ

Яровая мягкая пшеница является основной культурой в Западной Сибири и Казахстане, где значительная доля производимого зерна идет на экспорт. Селекция пшеницы на повышенное содержание цинка в зерне – наиболее рентабельный и экологичный способ решения проблемы дефицита цинка в рационе питания. Цель настоящей работы – установить вклад факторов «пункт» и «генотип» в изменчивость содержания цинка в зерне пшеницы и выделить лучшие сорта в качестве источников данного признака для селекции. Исследования по скринингу накопления цинка в зерне пшеницы 49 сортов яровой мягкой пшеницы из питомника КАСИБ-18 проведены в четырех пунктах России (Челябинск, Омск, Тюмень, Новосибирск) и двух пунктах Казахстана (Карабалык и Шортанды) в течение 2017–2018 гг. Содержание цинка в зерне определяли на факультете иономики Университета г. Ноттингем в рамках проекта EPPN-2020. Результаты дисперсионного анализа показали, что основной вклад в общее фенотипическое варьирование признака вносил фактор «пункт» (38.7 %) вследствие разного содержания цинка в почве и влагообеспеченности в пунктах испытания; влияние факторов «год» и «генотип» составило 13.5 и 8.0 % соответственно. Наиболее благоприятные экологические условия для получения зерна пшеницы с повышенным содержанием цинка сложились в Омской области, где в среднем по всем сортам содержание цинка было равно 50.4 мг/кг, а у лучшего сорта ОмГАУ 100 – 63.7 мг/кг. Эти показатели выше целевых значений международной программы Harvest Plus. Выделены лучшие сорта – Новосибирская 16 (49.4 мг/кг), Силач (48.4 мг/кг), Линия 4-10-16 (47.2 мг/кг), Элемент 22 (46.3 мг/кг) и Лютесценс 248/01 (46.0 мг/кг). В Западно-Сибирском регионе выявлены значительные потенциальные возможности производства зерна пшеницы с повышенным содержанием цинка, востребованного для получения хлеба и кондитерских продуктов с функциональными свойствами.

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