Показатель снижения температуры растительного полога в селекции пшеницы на засухоустойчивость и жаростойкость

Прошло более 40 лет с начала использования инфракрасного термометра для оценки засухо- и жаростойкости в селекции растений. За это время метод широко распространился во всем мире. Однако в России описываемый способ оценки стрессоустойчивости сортов до сих пор не применяется. Нами сделан обзор результатов использования инфракрасного термометра в селекции растений. На примере пшеницы описаны основные достоинства и недостатки показателя CTD (сanopy temperature depression), оцениваемого посредством инфракрасного термометра. Генотипы с более высоким значением CTD, а значит, более прохладным пологом в условиях засухи, используют большее количество доступной почвенной влаги для охлаждения за счет транспирации. CTD – интегрирующий признак, который диагностирует текущий водный статус растений. Коэффициент вариации показателя CTD находится в пределах 10–43 %. В значительном количестве работ показана его тесная взаимосвязь с урожайностью и высокая наследуемость, однако в целом больший коэффициент наследуемости имела урожайность. Применение показателя CTD в практической селекции пшеницы оспаривается рядом исследователей из-за значительного количества влияющих на него факторов. CTD тесно связан с другими признаками, отражающими водный статус растений или результат адаптации к засухе или жаре. Локусы количественных признаков, ассоциированные с CTD, обнаружены на всех хромосомах, за исключением хромосомы 3D. Выявленные локусы часто описывают небольшую часть фенотипической изменчивости (10–20 %, чаще менее 10 %), что затруднит пирамидирование генов, связанных с температурой полога, посредством маркерной селекции. Оценка показателя CTD надежна, технически проста и производительна и при надлежащем ее использовании позволяет объективно определить одну из сторон жаро- и засухоустойчивости сортов, сохранив растения в живом виде, что выгодно отличает ее от других методов. Наилучший результат описываемый метод демонстрирует в условиях терминальной засухи.

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