Сравнительный анализ частот ДНК-полиморфизмов, ассоциированных с заболеваниями и хозяйственно важными признаками, в геномах российских и зарубежных пород крупного рогатого скота

Генетический состав породы и ее генетические отличия от других пород определяют ее облик и характерные особенности, включая экономически важные признаки и встречаемость патологий. К настоящему времени выявлено множество локусов, контролирующих наиболее значимые фенотипы, что успешно используется в мировой практике для маркер-ассоциированной селекции в целях улучшения свойств пород. В настоящей работе проведен сравнительный анализ частот известных каузативных нуклеотидных замен, вставок и делеций, связанных с заболеваниями и хозяйственно ценными признаками, в российских и зарубежных породах крупного рогатого скота. Выявлены частоты вышеуказанных ДНК-полиморфизмов в популяциях российских пород крупного рогатого скота, выполнено их сравнение с частотами в зарубежных популяциях для пород, разводимых в Российской Федерации, а также с другими зарубежными породами. Наши результаты показывают схожесть частот большинства аллелей внутри пород (российского или зарубежного разведения), а также связь между представленностью аллелей исследуемых полиморфизмов и наличием определяемых ими фенотипических признаков. Были найдены и превышения по частотам ряда нежелательных аллелей в российских популяциях крупного рогатого скота, на которые стоит обратить внимание при селекционной работе с породами. Обнаружено, что аллели, отвечающие за повышенную фертильность породы герефорд, имеют повышенную частоту в популяциях российского разведения по сравнению с зарубежными популяциями. Интересно, что для азиатских турано-монгольских вагю и якутского скота наблюдалась меньшая связь между фенотипическими признаками и частотами известных каузативных аллелей по сравнению с европейскими породами. Наша работа указывает на конкретные генетические варианты, которые могут быть использованы для улучшения и/или поддержания качеств ряда пород крупного рогатого скота, разводимых в Российской Федерации.

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