Голозерный ячмень: систематика, селекция и перспективы использования

В обзоре освещены вопросы современного состояния систематики, происхождения и перспектив использования голозерного ячменя. Представлены положения систематики культурного ячменя Hordeum vulgare L., в которой выделяются группы многорядного (сonvar. coeleste (L.) A. Trof.) и двурядного (сonvar. nudum (L.) A. Trof.) голозерного ячменя. Группы включают разновидности согласно особенностям строения колоса, остей, цветковых и колосковых чешуй и цвету зерновок. Отражены вопросы очагов формообразования голозерного ячменя, по данным археологии, палеоэтноботаники, разнообразию форм и сортов, а также рассмотрены вопросы происхождения голозерного ячменя по результатам ДНК-маркирования. Приведены основные зоны возделывания и возможные причины такого преимущественного или исключительного распространения голозерных ячменей в районах высокогорья. Обсуждается вопрос наследования признака голозерности ячменя и механизмов его проявления в соответствии с новыми данными в области генетики. Представлены характеристики биохимического состава зерна по белку, некоторым заменимым и незаменимым аминокислотам, β-глюканам, витаминам, антиоксидантам. Показано, что голозерный ячмень – ценный источник уникальных комбинаций растворимых и нерастворимых пищевых волокон и полисахаридов. Подчеркнуто значение параметров голозерного ячменя, которые ограничивают широкое распространение этой культуры в мире, и выделены направления селекционной работы для устранения этих недостатков. Приведены примеры образцов голозерного ячменя, устойчивых к вредным организмам, которые являются перспективными источниками для повышения урожайности и качества зерна, а также сохранения экологической чистоты и безопасности продукции. Отражены этапы и направления селекционных работ с голозерным ячменем и показано значение мировой коллекции ВИР как основного источника генетического материала для развития селекции.

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