Создание и изучение гибридов полба (Triticum dicoccum) × тритикале

Тритикале (× Triticosecale Wittmack) представляет большой интерес как страховая культура, способная обеспечить стабильность валового сбора фуражного и продовольственного зерна с более низкими затратами. В Западной Сибири возделываются сорта только озимых тритикале, однако яровые тритикале являются значимыми для выращивания в регионах, не пригодных для озимых культур. Для создания яровых сортов с высокой урожайностью и хорошим качеством зерна необходимо изучение и обогащение генофонда, выделение доноров хозяйственно ценных признаков. Одним из возможных путей решения этой задачи может быть получение вторичных гексаплоидных тритикале с привлечением тетраплоидного дикорастущего вида пшеницы полба Triticum dicoccum (Schrank) Schuebl. Целью данной работы было создание и изучение гибридов полбы T. dicoccum (Schrank) Schuebl. с гексаплоидной тритикале с использованием геномной in situ гибридизации при окрашивании мейотических хромосом и анализ элементов продуктивности растений в F₄–F₈. По признакам продуктивности и натуры зерна в гибридной популяции F₄ были отобраны растения ДТ4, ДТ5, ДТ6 и выявленные в их потомстве пребридинговые формы F₆ – ДТ 4/168, ДТ 5/176 и ДТ 6/186. Потомства гибридов ДТ4 и ДТ5 и форм ДТ 4/168 и ДТ 5/176 имели повышенную натуру зерна (свыше 750 г/л), но невысокую продуктивность. Гибрид ДТ6 и полученная от него форма ДТ 6/186 отличались высокими показателями продуктивности зерна (785 ± 41 и 822 ± 74 г/м² соответственно), но, как и отцовская форма тритикале УК 30/33, имели пониженную натуру зерна. У растений потомства F₈ ДТ 6/186 в мейозе обнаружено 7 гомологичных пар хромосом ржи и от 27 до 30 хромосом пшеницы, что свидетельствует о наличии полного генома ржи и двух геномов пшеницы AABB. Хромосомы ржи демонстрировали стабильное формирование бивалентов в отличие от хромосом пшеницы, что вызвало анеуплоидию в популяциях растений. Таким образом, получены гексаплоидные формы ДТ 4/168 и ДТ 5/176 с хорошо выполненным гладким зерном и высокой натурой зерна, которые можно использовать в качестве источника этого признака для селекции тритикале пищевого направления. Форма ДТ 6/186 перспективна для дальнейшего селекционного процесса с целью получения высокоурожайных форм тритикале.

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