Гены-кандидаты доместикации и устойчивости к холоду по данным полногеномного секвенирования российских пород крупного рогатого скота и овец

Известно, что различные виды животных при обитании в одинаковых условиях среды могут сформировать сходные фенотипы. Изучение конвергентной эволюции нескольких видов под действием одного и того же средового фактора позволяет выявить у них общие механизмы генетической адаптации. Местные породы крупного и мелкого рогатого скота формировались на протяжении тысяч лет под воздействием доместикации, а также отбора, направленного на адаптацию к факторам местной среды обитания и удовлетворение потребностей человека. Ранее нами был выявлен ряд генов-кандидатов в участках генома, подвергшихся отбору в ходе доместикации и адаптации к климатическим условиям России, включая низкие зимние температуры, у местных пород крупного рогатого скота (КРС) и овец с использованием данных полногеномного генотипирования. Однако эти данные обладают низким разрешением и не позволяют выявить большинство нуклеотидных замен. Целью работы было создание по данным полногеномного секвенирования списка генов, связанных с адаптацией российских пород КРС и овец, а также идентификация генов-кандидатов и метаболических путей для проведения селекции на адаптацию к холоду. Использованы опубликованные нами данные по поиску следов отбора в геномах российских или разводимых в России пород КРС (якутская, холмогорская, бурятская, вагю) и овец (забайкальская, тувинская). Количество генов-кандидатов в районах, потенциально подвергавшихся селекции, составило 946 у КРС и 151 у овец. Нами показано, что изученные российские породы КРС и овец имеют не менее 10 общих генов под отбором, по-видимому, участвующих в процессах адаптации/селекции, в том числе адаптации к холодному климату, включая гены ASTN2, PM20D1, TMEM176A, GLIS1. На основании пересечения со списком генов, подвергавшихся отбору по крайней мере у двух видов арктических/антарктических млекопитающих, у КРС и овец выявлено 20 и 8 генов соответственно, которые потенциально вовлечены в адаптацию к холоду. Среди них наиболее перспективными для дальнейших исследований являются ASPH, NCKAP5L, SERPINF1 и SND1. Анализ генных онтологий указывает на существование возможных общих биохимических путей адаптации к холоду у домашних и диких млекопитающих, связанных с разборкой цитоскелета и апоптозом.

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