Изучение устойчивости к бурой ржавчине, урожайности и качества зерна у образцов коллекции мягкой пшеницы в экологических условиях Новосибирской области

К основным факторам, влияющим на формирование высокого урожая, относятся связь генотипа сорта с условиями произрастания и фитопатогенная нагрузка, что необходимо учитывать в селекции для поиска доноров устойчивости и высокой выраженности ценных признаков. Изучение устойчивости 49 образцов мягкой пшеницы к поражению бурой ржавчиной проведено в полевых условиях естественного инфекционного фона и в лабораторных условиях к монопустульным изолятам с вирулентностью к генам Lr9 и Lr24. Показано, что сорта, несущие чужеродные гены Lr6Agi2 (Тулайковская 10) и Lr6Agi1 (Воевода), устойчивы к поражению бурой ржавчиной как в полевых условиях, так и при заражении в лаборатории. Сорта KWS Buran, KWS Akvilon, KW 240-3-13 и Этюд, которые формировали урожайность от 417 до 514 г/м2 – на уровне лучшего стандарта Сибирской 17, целесообразно использовать в условиях Западной Сибири в качестве доноров гена устойчивости Lr24. Донором генов устойчивости Lr19 и частично эффективного Lr26 может служить сорт Омская 44, характеризующийся урожайностью 440 г/м2. Сорта Тулеевская и Алтайская 110, в геноме которых содержится ген Lr9, рекомендуется использовать при создании генотипов с пирамидой генов устойчивости. Наиболее высокие показатели содержания белка и клейковины выявлены у образца CS2A/2M, наименьшие – у сортообразцов KWS Buran, Алтайская 110, Волгоуральская и KWS Akvilon. Сравнение коллекции образцов мягкой пшеницы по микро- (Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe) и макроэлементам (Ca, Mg, K) продемонстрировало наиболее высокие показатели у группы, состоящей из образцов CS2A/2M, Тулайковская 10, Pavon и Тулеевская. Наименьшие показатели большинства элементов определены у сортов KWS Buran, Новосибирская 15 и Волгоуральская. Озимые сорта, характеризующиеся устойчивостью к поражению бурой ржавчиной в условиях инфекционного фона, как правило, несут возрастные гены устойчивости (Lr34, Lr12 и Lr13), в том числе в сочетании с ювенильным геном Lr26. У линии с озимым типом развития (KS 93 U 62) выявлен ген Lr41, благодаря чему линия сохраняла устойчивость к поражению клоном патогена бурой ржавчины кLr24, несмотря на наличие в ее генотипе гена Lr24. Сорта Дока и Чешская 17 могут быть донорами генов устойчивости Lr26 + Lr34 и Lr9 + Lr12 + Lr13 + Lr34 и источниками короткостебельности без снижения зимостойкости и урожайности в условиях Западной Сибири.

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