Байкальские амфиподы и их геномы, большие и малые

Эндемичные амфиподы (Crustacea: Amphipoda) озера Байкал – это один из наиболее ярких примеров возникновения большого количества видов (так называемых букетов видов), занимающих разнообразные экологические ниши, от небольшого числа исходных видов, которое происходило на ограниченной территории и потому доступно для всестороннего исследования. Подобные примеры предоставляют уникальные возможности изучения поведенческих, анатомических и физиологических адаптаций во множестве комбинаций условий среды и потому привлекают большое внимание. Существующие варианты таксономической классификации этой группы насчитывают более 350 морфологических видов и подвидов, которые, согласно молекулярно-­филогенетическим исследованиям маркерных генов, полных транскриптомов и митохондриальных геномов, произошли в результате не менее двух вселений в озеро. Исследования изоферментов и маркерных генов выявили существенное криптическое разнообразие байкальских амфипод, а также существенный разброс по уровню генетического разнообразия внутри некоторых морфологических видов. Экспериментальная проверка, проведенная на данный момент только для двух морфологических видов, показывает возможную применимость митохондриального маркера, гена первой субъединицы цитохром c­оксидазы, для предсказания репродуктивной изоляции. Приблизительно у десятой части видов байкальских амфипод был изучен размер ядерного генома и хромосомные числа, что позволило выявить почти десятикратную вариабельность размера генома при стабильных (2n = 52 для большинства изученных видов) кариотипах. При этом анализ разнообразия повторов в ядерных геномах показал существенные межвидовые различия. Кроме того, выявлены необычные особенности некоторых митохондриальных геномов, такие как вариабельность по длине и по порядку генов, а также дупликации генов тРНК, часть из которых подверглась ремолдингу (изменению специфичности антикодона за счет точечных мутаций). Следующими важными шагами должны стать сборка полных геномов для разных видов байкальских амфипод, чему на данном этапе препятствует сложная структура этих геномов с большим содержанием повторов, и обновление таксономической классификации видов с учетом комплекса полученных данных.

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